Comorbidities at baseline (N = 102).
| Parameter | n (%) |
| Respiratory | 11 (10.8%) |
| Cardiovascular | 31 (30.4%) |
| GI/hepatic | 10 (9.8%) |
| General neurologicala | 10 (9.8%) |
| Spine-related neurologicalb | 14 (13.7%) |
| Urinary tract/renal | 5 (4.9%) |
| Endocrinec | 20 (19.6%) |
| General musculoskeletald | 18 (17.6%) |
| Spine-related musculoskeletale | 102 (100.0%) |
| Recent surgery | 8 (7.8%) |
| Otherf | 12 (11.8%) |
Thirty-seven percent (37%) presented with a single comorbidity while 26% had two, 21% had three, 9% had four, 6% had five, and 2% had six or more.
aGeneral neurological comorbidities include restless leg syndrome, loss of sensation, Parkinson disease, and diabetic neuropathy.
bSpinal neurological comorbidities include foot drop, severe stenosis, lower extremity radiculopathy, and pseudoclaudication.
cEndocrine comorbidities include diabetes mellitus (10 of 102, 10%).
dGeneral musculoskeletal comorbidities include fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
eSpine-related musculoskeletal comorbidities include, but are not limited to, sacroiliac disorders and muscle spasming in addition to all patients having symptomatic single-level degenerative disc disease per study entrance criteria.
fOther comorbidities include, but are not limited to, 1 patient with Sjorgen syndrome and 1 patient with osteopenia.