Unmatched patient baseline demographics.
| Characteristic | Total (n = 634) | Non-WC (n = 374) | WC (n = 260) | P Valuea |
| Age, mean ± SD | 50.8 ± 11.7 | 53.9 ± 11.7 | 46.4 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 37.9% (240) | 48.7% (182) | 22.3% (58) | |
| Male | 62.1% (394) | 51.3% (192) | 77.7% (202) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| White | 66.3% (420) | 79.4% (297) | 47.5% (123) | |
| Nonwhite | 33.7% (213) | 20.6% (77) | 52.5% (136) | |
| Body mass index | 0.003 | |||
| <30 kg/m2 | 51.9% (328) | 56.8% (212) | 44.8% (116) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 48.1% (304) | 43.1% (161) | 55.2% (143) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
| Nonsmoker | 80.8% (512) | 86.1% (322) | 73.0% (190) | |
| Smoker | 19.2% (122) | 13.9% (52) | 26.9% (70) | |
| Diabetic status | 0.976 | |||
| Nondiabetic | 88.8% (563) | 88.8% (332) | 88.9% (44) | |
| Diabetic | 11.2% (71) | 11.2% (42) | 11.1% (4) | |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists Score | 0.742 | |||
| <2 | 82.8% (521) | 83.2% (308) | 82.2% (213) | |
| ≥2 | 17.2% (108) | 16.7% (62) | 17.8% (46) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score | 0.001 | |||
| ≤1 | 24.9% (154) | 19.9% (73) | 32.1% (81) | |
| >1 | 75.1% (464) | 80.1% (293) | 67.9% (171) |
Data presented as % (n) unless otherwise indicated. Boldface indicates statistical significance.
aP value calculated using χ 2 test or Student’s t test.
WC, workers’ compensation.