Patient demographics.
| Demographics | Total (n = 66) |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 47.2 ± 10.1 |
| Gender | |
| Female | 42.4% (28) |
| Male | 57.6% (38) |
| Body mass index | |
| <30 kg/m2 | 53.0% (35) |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 47.0% (31) |
| Smoking status | |
| Nonsmoker | 84.9% (56) |
| Smoker | 15.2% (10) |
| Diabetes | |
| Nondiabetic | 86.4% (57) |
| Diabetic | 13.6% (9) |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists classification | 1.9 ± 0.6 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 1.4 ± 2.0 |
| Ethnicity | |
| White | 71.2% (47) |
| African American | 12.1% (8) |
| Hispanic | 10.6% (7) |
| Asian | 3.0% (2) |
| Insurance | |
| Medicare/Medicaid | 1.5% (1) |
| Workers’ compensation | 27.3% (18) |
| Private | 71.2% (47) |
Note: Data presented as (%) n unless otherwise indicated.