Injury classification and management (N = 120).
| Variable | n (%) |
| Type of injury | |
| Isolated hangman’s fracture | 16 (13.3) |
| Isolated odontoid fracture | 42 (35.0) |
| Isolated C1 fracture | 11 (9.2) |
| Combined C1-C2 fracture | 9 (7.5) |
| Miscellaneous C2 fracture | 30 (25.0) |
| Ligament injury | 8 (6.7) |
| Odontoid fracture + hangman’s fracture | 4 (3.3) |
| Management | |
| C0-C3 posterior fusion | 3 (2.5) |
| C0-C4 posterior fusion | 1 (0.8) |
| C1-C2 posterior fusion | 30 (25.0) |
| C1-C3 posterior fusion | 8 (6.7) |
| C1-C4 posterior fusion | 2 (1.7) |
| C2-C3 discectomy | 9 (7.5) |
| C2-C3 posterior fusion | 1 (0.8) |
| C2-C3 discectomy + C1-C3 posterior fusion | 3 (2.5) |
| Conservative management | 44 (36.7) |
| Occipital craniectomy + bullet removal | 1 (0.8) |
| Transoral odontoidectomy + C0-C4 posterior fusion | 2 (1.7) |
| Transoral odontoidectomy + C1-C2 posterior fusion | 1 (0.8) |
| Odontoid screwing | 14 (11.7) |
| Deatha | 1 (0.8) |
↵a One patient died due to hemodynamic instability before surgery.