Summary of psychosocial screening.
| Article | Study Design | Psychosocial Scales Used | Population | Number of Patients | Time From Injury or Follow-Up Period | Preoperative Collection | Level of Evidence a | Key Findings |
| Ahmed et al (2019)57 | Cross-sectional survey | BRS, PSEQ | Low back pain, neck pain | 195 | NA | NA | IV | Independent negative associations of resilience and pain self-efficacy scores with ODI and NDI in patients with low back and neck pain |
| Coronado et al (2021)58 | Retrospective cohort | BRS, PSEQ | Laminectomy | 248 | 6 wk and 12 mo | No | III | Association with resilience and physical function, pain interference, social participation, and disability at both time points; association with pain self-efficacy and disability at 12 mo |
| Mok et al (2021)63 | Retrospective medical record review, abstract | Short Grit Scale, Self-Scoring Self-Control Scale | ACDF, MI-D, MI-TLIF | 69 | 6 mo for ACDF, 2 wk for MI-D, and 6 wk for MI-TLIF | No | III | No significant difference in either grit or self-control and ODI and NDI scores |
| Wibault et al (2017)69 | Randomized controlled trial | Swedish version of the Self-Efficacy Scale | ACDF, PCF | 202 | 6 mo | Yes | I | Self-efficacy improved in patients exposed to physical therapy and those not exposed to physical therapy postoperatively; however, self-efficacy was not studied as a modifier of functional outcomes |
| Block et al (2019)61 | Prospective cohort | PAM-13 | Spinal surgery, spinal cord stimulation | 581 | mean 180 d (SD 79.1) | Yes | II | Patient activation mediated the association between negative risk factors and pain and disability |
| Skolasky et al (2011)60 | Prospective cohort | PAM-13 | Lumbar fusion | 65 | 12 and 24 mo | Yes | II | Positive association with patient activation and functional improvement and engagement in physical therapy after surgery |
| Patel et al (2019)62 | Retrospective cohort | PAM-10 | ACDF | 64 | 6 wk, 3 mo, 6 mo, and 12 mo | Yes | III | No association between patient activation and any measure of postoperative recovery |
↵a Level of evidence based upon the Journal for Bone and Joint Surgery criteria and focused on the psychosocial outcome of interest.70
ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; BRS, Brief Resilience Scale; MI-D, minimally invasive lumbar decompression; MI-TLIF, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; NA, not available; NDI, Neck Disability Index; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PAM, patient activation measure; PCF, posterior cervical fusion; PSEQ, pain self-efficacy questionnaire.