Summary of intraoperative outcomes (N = 135).
| Intraoperative Measure | n (%) |
| Bleeding, mL | |
| <150 | 91 (67.4) |
| 150–250 | 24 (17.8) |
| 250–500 | 18 (13.3) |
| >500 | 2 (0.15) |
| Operative time, min, n (%) | |
| <60 | 6 (4.4) |
| 60–90 | 44 (32.6) |
| 90–120 | 33 (24.4) |
| >120 | 52 (38.5) |
| Intraoperative injury | |
| Epigastric | 0 |
| Arterial | 0 |
| Venous | 4 (3.0) |
| Organ | 0 |
| Nerve root | 0 |
| Dural sac | 0 |