Table 1

Reported cases of cauda equina syndrome after ESI

Patient No.	Sex, age (y)	Intervertebral foramen injected	Aspiration performed	Epidurography performed	Computed tomography guidance used	Outcome
1	Female, 64 (Botwin et al.⁹)	L3-4 and L4-5	Yes	Yes	No	Improvement from 3 of 5 bilaterally to 4 of 5 bilaterally at 1-mo follow-up
2	Female, 51 (Botwin et al.⁹)	L3-4	Yes	No	Yes	No recovery of neurologic function at 8-mo follow-up
3	Male, 42 (Botwin et al.⁹)	S1	Yes	No	Yes	No recovery of neurologic function at 5-y follow-up
4	Female, 71 (Florey²⁶)	L2-3	Unknown	No	Yes	Improvement from 0 of 5 to 2 of 5 in L3 myotome but persistent dissociated sensory loss bilaterally at 6-wk follow-up
5	Male, 64 (Lutz et al.¹⁰)	L1-2	Unknown	Yes	No	Persistent paraparesis and chronic pain
6	Male, 47 (current study)	L4-5	Yes	Yes	No	Improvement in strength from 0 of 5 to 4 of 5 in L5 myotome but persistent perineal numbness and urinary retention at 1-mo follow-up