Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (JOA-score modified by Keller 1993).
| Motor Function | |
| Paralysis | 1 |
| Upper extremity | |
| Fine motor function massively decreased | 2 |
| Fine motor function decelerated | 3 |
| Discreet weakness in hands or proximal arm | 4 |
| Normal function | 5 |
| Motor Function | |
| Unable to walk | 1 |
| Lower extremity | |
| Need walking aid on flat floor | 2 |
| Need handrail on stairs | 3 |
| Able to walk without walking aid, but inadequate | 4 |
| Normal function | 5 |
| Sensory | |
| Upper extremity/lower extremity/trunk | |
| Apparent sensory loss | 1 |
| Minimal sensory loss | 2 |
| Normal function | 3 |
| Bladder function | |
| Urinary retention | 1 |
| Severe dysfunction | 2 |
| Mild dysfunction | 3 |
| Normal function | 4 |
| Total score | 0-17 |
The lower the score the more severe the deficits. Normal function 16 + 17, grade 1: 12–15, grade 2: 8–11, grade 3: 0–7.