Table 3

Historical infection rates

								Infections

Author	Exposure	Approach	Procedure	Indication	No. of levels	Levels	N	Simple decompression	Instrumented decompression	Instrumented fusion	Total
Rodgers et al. ²³	MIS	Lateral, posterior	XLIF	Stenosis with instability	1–4	L1-L5	600	—	—	0.0%	0.0%
Dakwar et al. ²⁴	MIS	Lateral, posterior	XLIF	Scoliosis	1–6	T10-S1	25	—	—	0.0%	0.0%
O'Toole et al. ³	MIS	Mixed	Mixed	Mixed	1–4	C, T, L	1,338	0.0%	0.44%	0.74%	0.22%
Dhall et al. ²²	MIS	Posterior	TLIF	DDD	1	L	21	—	—	0.0%	0.0%
Villavicencio et al. ²⁵	MIS	Posterior	TLIF	DDD	1–2	L	73	—	—	1.3%	1.3%
McAfee et al. ²⁶	Endoscopic	Anterior	Decompression/fusion	Mixed	Mixed	L	100	—	—	0.0%	0.0%
Brau et al. ²⁷	MIS	Anterior	ALIF	DDD	1	L	686	—	—	0.4%	0.4%
Dhall et al.²²	Open	Posterior	TLIF	DDD	2	L	21	—	—	0.0%	0.0%
Rihn et al.²⁸	Open	Posterior	TLIF	DDD	1	L	119	—	—	6.1%	6.1%
Fasciszewski et al.²⁹	Open	Anterior	Anterior surgery	Mixed	Mixed	C, T, L	1,223	—	—	—	1.6%
Villavicencio et al.²⁵	Open	Posterior	TLIF	DDD	1–2	L	51	—	—	1.6%	1.6%
Jutte et al.³⁰	Open	Posterior	PLF	DDD	1–7	L	105	—	4.7%	—	4.7%
Villavicencio et al.²⁵	Open	Anterior	ALIF	DDD	1–2	L	43	—	—	9.3%	9.3%
Epstein et al.³¹	Open	Posterior	PLF	DDD	Mixed	L	128	—	—	10.9%	10.9%

Abbreviations: ALIF, anterior lumbar interbody fusion; C, cervical; DDD, degenerative disc disease; L, lumbar; MIS, minimally invasive spine surgery; N, sample size; PLF, posterolateral fusion; T, thoracic; TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; XLIF, extreme lateral interbody fusion.