Patient characteristics (N = 57)
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) (y) | 71.9 ± 10.4 |
| Female [n (%)] | 46 (80.7) |
| Body mass index* (mean ± SD) (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.4 |
| Duration of symptoms [n (%)] | |
| <6 wk | 29 (50.9) |
| 6 wk to <3 mo | 10 (17.5) |
| 3 mo to <6 mo | 7 (12.3) |
| 6–12 mo | 11 (19.3) |
| No. of treated levels [n (%)] | |
| 1 | 51 (89.5) |
| 2 | 5 (8.8) |
| 3 | 1 (1.7) |
| Pre-existing medical conditions† [n (%)] | |
| None | 15 (26.3) |
| Metabolic | 9 (15.8) |
| Cardiovascular | 22 (38.6) |
| Diabetes | 3 (5.3) |
| Gastrointestinal | 13 (22.8) |
| Osteoporosis, arthritis | 7 (12.3) |
| Pain severity score on VAS* (mean ± SD) (mm) | 79.3 ± 17.2 |
| ODI‡ (mean ± SD) (%) | 68.1 ± 16.9 |