Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
| Study Component | Inclusion | Exclusion |
|---|---|---|
| Subjects | Patients with high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis | • N < 10 patients • Spondylolisthesis caused by underlying disorder • Low-grade, degenerative or dysplatic spondylolisthesis • Infection • Tumor |
| Study Design | • Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials • Retrospective Reviews • Radiographic studies evaluating subject outcome | • Cadaver studies • Case reports • Meeting abstracts/ lectures • Biomechanical analyses • Studies evaluating classification systems • Studies not written in English • <2-yr follow-up (for clinical studies) • Studies before 2002 |
| Intervention | May or may not undergo operative treatment | |
| Radiographical measures | • Percent slip • Pelvic incidence • Sacral slope • Lordosis/kyphosis • Level of spondylolisthesis | NA |
| Clinical factors | • Complications • Comorbidities • Neurological status | NA |
| Surgical factors | • Levels of fusion • Instrumentation • Decompression • Approach | NA |
| Outcomes | • Reduction of slip angle • Radiological outcome • Functional scores • Complications | NA |