Original ArticleEn Bloc Resections in the Spine: The Experience of 220 Patients During 25 Years
Introduction
Unlike appendicular skeletal primary bone tumors, primary bone tumors of the spine are very rare,1 comprising only 10% or less of all bone tumors. In the United States, 7500 new cases are estimated per year.1 The estimated overall world occurrence is between 2.5 to 8.5 cases per million inhabitants per year.1 Spinal metastatic tumors, most common skeletal region for secondary tumors, are estimated to be 30–50 times more frequent compared with primary bone tumors of the spine.
Due to their low relative prevalence, primary spinal tumors can be misdiagnosed and consequently managed incorrectly.
En bloc resections2 are the procedures aimed at surgically removing a tumor in a single, intact piece, fully encased by a continuous shell of healthy tissue, which is defined as the margin. In the spine, these procedures are surgically demanding,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 mostly due to the proximity of neural elements and anatomic limitations. The limitation in mobilizing the spinal cord, neural roots, or the dural sac mandates either combined multiple surgical approaches or an enlarged single posterior approach. Achieving tumor-free margins of the resected specimen requires, at times, the sacrifice of adjacent anatomic structures (e.g., pleura, dura, muscles, nerve roots, nerves, vessels).10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 An intentional violation of oncologic principles2, 5, 16 is considered for reduced morbidity and better functional results, but this is weighed against the higher risk of recurrence.
Successful en bloc resection has shown to result in fewer local recurrences and improved prognosis in both primary7, 16, 17, 18, 19 and isolated spinal metastases such as renal cell carcinoma and thyroid cancer.20, 21, 22 Previous studies that compared true en bloc to intralesional resections reported improved local control, where the recurrence was 92.3% versus 72.2% for giant cell tumors,22, 23 78% versus 22% for chordoma (CH),17 and 82% versus 0 in chondrosarcoma (CHS).18 In an earlier study16 reporting our previous experience of a series of 103 patients, marginal and intralesional resections were shown to be an independent risk factor for local recurrence, with hazard ratios of 9.45 and 38.62, respectively.
It is reported that major spine surgery can be associated with high morbidity.24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 To that extent, spinal en bloc resection, due to multiple surgical approaches, tumor surgery, and lengthy surgical procedures,34 can be expected to involve intraoperative, early postoperative, and long-term adverse events. At present, few reports focusing on complications and outcomes of en bloc resections in the spine have been published.16, 35, 36, 37 Some focusing on specific area of resection such as the cervical spine,38 sacrum,39, 40 whereas others addressing complications related to surgical treatments of various pathologies such as CH38, 39 and metastatic thyroid carcinoma.20 In a recent study published by our group,36 focusing on the morbidity of 220 en bloc resection conducted between 1990 and 2015, a 45.45% complication rate was observed. This high rate requires continuous attention and effort to understand and reduce the morbidity of this operation.
Because these operations are not performed frequently in the world, it is imperative that the experience gained in large centers specialized in treating these pathologies be reviewed and shared. This shared knowledge of the morbidity, mortality, risk assessment for local disease recurrence, complications, and death, related to spine tumors excised en bloc could improve the treating physician's understanding of the diseases and the decision-making process before, during, and after the surgical treatment. This report includes a summary of the previously reported morbidity,36 as well as local recurrence and mortality, and a thorough review of the gained experience approaching the surgical management of these tumors.
The purpose of this study is to review and report the experience gained in one of the world's largest spine oncologic centers conducting these surgeries during 25 years.
Section snippets
Methods
From January 1990 to July 2015, 1681 consecutive patients with spine tumors were diagnosed and treated in one referral center. A total of 220 en bloc resections were performed on 216 patients by Stefano Boriani and his team. For all patients, clinical radiographic and histologic studies were completed and classifications according to the Enneking,2 Frankel41, and the Weinstein, Boriani, Biagini (WBB)42 staging systems were determined before the surgical intervention.
Data were prospectively
Results
From January 1990 to July 2015, 1681 consecutive patients with spine tumors were diagnosed and treated in one referral center. A total of 220 en bloc resections were performed on 216 patients by Stefano Boriani and his team.
A total of 113 male and 103 female patients with an average age of 44.1 ± 18 years (range, 3–82 years) were surgically treated. Median follow-up was 45 months (0–371 months). Follow-up visits were performed routinely for all patients. Additional visits were conducted based
Discussion
A review of a series of 220 consecutive cases treated with en bloc resection was analyzed of the related morbidity, mortality, risk assessment for local disease recurrence, complications, and death. All surgical procedures were performed in the same institution by the same team, after full staging and oncologic planning.
Although there are few reports on large series of spinal tumors resected en-bloc, these surgical procedures seem to dramatically improve local control in aggressive benign and
Conclusions
The data support the conclusion that local recurrence is the worst complication, as this negatively affects quality of life and prognosis. The results in terms of better prognosis and better local control3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 35, 39 justify performing such highly demanding and risky procedures in aggressive benign and in low-grade malignant bone tumors.
The surgeon who treats the patient has a great responsibility, as it is the first treatment that most affects
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted with Cristiana Griffoni for her valuable work in collecting and elaborating data and also with Carlo Piovani for archives and imaging researches.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the article content was composed in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.