1. Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014 73:968–974. PMID:
24665116.
2. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006 15(Suppl 2): S192–S300. PMID:
16550448.
3. Follett KA, Dirks BA. Etiology and evaluation of the failed back surgery syndrome. Neurosurg Q 1993 3:40–59.
4. Waguespack A, Schofferman J, Slosar P, Reynolds J. Etiology of long-term failures of lumbar spine surgery. Pain Med 2002 3:18–22. PMID:
15102214.
5. Lucas AJ. Failed back surgery syndrome: whose failure?: time to discard a redundant term. Br J Pain 2012 6:162–165. PMID:
26516488.
6. Ordia J, Vaisman J. Post-surgical spine syndrome. Surg Neurol Int 2011 2:132PMID:
22059127.
7. Rajaee SS, Bae HW, Kanim LE, Delamarter RB. Spinal fusion in the United States: analysis of trends from 1998 to 2008. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012 37:67–76. PMID:
21311399.
8. Deyo RA, Gray DT, Kreuter W, Mirza S, Martin BI. United States trends in lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005 30:1441–1445. PMID:
15959375.
9. Deyo RA. Back surgery: who needs it? N Engl J Med 2007 356:2239–2243. PMID:
17538083.
10. Thomson S. Failed back surgery syndrome: definition, epidemiology and demographics. Br J Pain 2013 7:56–59. PMID:
26516498.
11. Burton CV. Failed back surgery patients: the alarm bells are ringing. Surg Neurol 2006 65:5–6. PMID:
16378838.
12. Nachemson AL. Evaluation of results in lumbar spine surgery. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1993 251:130–133. PMID:
8451971.
13. Thomson S, Jacques L. Demographic characteristics of patients with severe neuropathic pain secondary to failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Pract 2009 9:206–215. PMID:
19281499.
14. Carragee EJ, Alamin TF, Miller JL, Carragee JM. Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: a prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain. Spine J 2005 5:24–35. PMID:
15653082.
15. Voorhies RM, Jiang X, Thomas N. Predicting outcome in the surgical treatment of lumbar radiculopathy using the Pain Drawing Score, McGill Short Form Pain Questionnaire, and risk factors including psychosocial issues and axial joint pain. Spine J 2007 7:516–524. PMID:
17905313.
16. Gum JL, Glassman SD, Carreon LY. Is type of compensation a predictor of outcome after lumbar fusion? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013 38:443–448. PMID:
23080428.
17. Sanden B, Forsth P, Michaelsson K. Smokers show less improvement than nonsmokers two years after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a study of 4555 patients from the Swedish spine register. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011 36:1059–1064. PMID:
21224770.
18. Marquez-Lara A, Nandyala SV, Sankaranarayanan S, Noureldin M, Singh K. Body mass index as a predictor of complications and mortality after lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014 39:798–804. PMID:
24480950.
19. Guyer RD, Patterson M, Ohnmeiss DD. Failed back surgery syndrome: diagnostic evaluation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006 14:534–543. PMID:
16959891.
20. Jutte PC, Castelein RM. Complications of pedicle screws in lumbar and lumbosacral fusions in 105 consecutive primary operations. Eur Spine J 2002 11:594–598. PMID:
12522719.
21. Lazennec JY, Ramare S, Arafati N, et al. Sagittal alignment in lumbosacral fusion: relations between radiological parameters and pain. Eur Spine J 2000 9:47–55. PMID:
10766077.
22. Kumar MN, Baklanov A, Chopin D. Correlation between sagittal plane changes and adjacent segment degeneration following lumbar spine fusion. Eur Spine J 2001 10:314–319. PMID:
11563617.
23. Hilibrand AS, Carlson GD, Palumbo MA, Jones PK, Bohlman HH. Radiculopathy and myelopathy at segments adjacent to the site of a previous anterior cervical arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999 81:519–528. PMID:
10225797.
24. Chan CW, Peng P. Failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Med 2011 12:577–606. PMID:
21463472.
25. Baber Z, Erdek MA. Failed back surgery syndrome: current perspectives. J Pain Res 2016 9:979–987. PMID:
27853391.
26. Kizilkilic O, Yalcin O, Sen O, Aydin MV, Yildirim T, Hurcan C. The role of standing flexion-extension radiographs for spondylolisthesis following single level disk surgery. Neurol Res 2007 29:540–543. PMID:
17535575.
27. Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM, Jinkins JR. Review article: MRI of the postoperative lumbar spine. Neuroradiology 2002 44:723–739. PMID:
12221444.
28. Eun SS, Lee HY, Lee SH, Kim KH, Liu WC. MRI versus CT for the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. J Neuroradiol 2012 39:104–109. PMID:
21489629.
29. Chou R, Huffman LH. American Pain Society. American College of Physicians. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2007 147:505–514. PMID:
17909211.
30. Khosravi MB, Azemati S, Sahmeddini MA. Gabapentin versus naproxen in the management of failed back surgery syndrome; a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2014 65:31–37. PMID:
24988825.
31. Canos A, Cort L, Fernandez Y, et al. Preventive analgesia with pregabalin in neuropathic pain from “failed back surgery syndrome”: assessment of sleep quality and disability. Pain Med 2016 17:344–352. PMID:
26398133.
32. Franklin GM. American Academy of Neurology. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2014 83:1277–1284. PMID:
25267983.
33. Williams AC, Eccleston C, Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 11:CD007407PMID:
23152245.
34. Machado LA, de Souza Mv, Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML. The McKenzie method for low back pain: a systematic review of the literature with a meta-analysis approach. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006 31:E254–E262. PMID:
16641766.
35. Hussain A, Erdek M. Interventional pain management for failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Pract 2014 14:64–78. PMID:
23374545.
36. Zotti MG, Brumby-Rendell OP, McDonald B, et al. The outcome of pedicle screw instrumentation removal for ongoing low back pain following posterolateral lumbar fusion. J Spine Surg 2015 1:50–56. PMID:
27683679.
37. Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Pain 2007 132:179–188. PMID:
17845835.
38. North RB, Kidd DH, Farrokhi F, Piantadosi SA. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery 2005 56:98–106.
39. Lad SP, Babu R, Bagley JH, et al. Utilization of spinal cord stimulation in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014 39:E719–E727. PMID:
24718057.
40. Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Novel 10-kHz High-frequency Therapy (HF10 Therapy) is superior to traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: the SENZA-RCT Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology 2015 123:851–860. PMID:
26218762.
41. Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Comparison of 10-kHz high-frequency and traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: 24-month results from a multicenter, randomized, controlled pivotal trial. Neurosurgery 2016 79:667–677. PMID:
27584814.
42. Russo M, Verrills P, Mitchell B, Salmon J, Barnard A, Santarelli D. High frequency spinal cord stimulation at 10 kHz for the treatment of chronic pain: 6-month Australian clinical experience. Pain Physician 2016 19:267–280. PMID:
27228514.
43. Schu S, Slotty PJ, Bara G, von Knop M, Edgar D, Vesper J. A prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine the effectiveness of burst spinal cord stimulation patterns for the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome. Neuromodulation 2014 17:443–450. PMID:
24945621.
44. Grider JS, Manchikanti L, Carayannopoulos A, et al. Effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review. Pain Physician 2016 19:E33–E54. PMID:
26752493.
45. Liem L, Russo M, Huygen FJ, et al. One-year outcomes of spinal cord stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation 2015 18:41–48. PMID:
25145467.