BACKGROUND: Elastomeric disc replacements have been developed to restore normal
shock absorption and physiologic centers of rotation to the degenerated disc. The Physio-L …

Background Total lumbar disc replacement (TDR) devices have been designed to maintain
motion, but both biomechanical and clinical data have indicated that a more controlled …

Background context The surgical treatment of degenerative disc disease at the lumbar spine
may involve fusion. Total disc replacement (TDR) is an alternative treatment to avoid fusion …

Introduction The viscoelastic lumbar disk prosthesis ESP is an innovative one-piece
deformable but cohesive interbody spacer; it provides 6 full degrees of freedom about the 3 …

Degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral discs is a leading cause of chronic low back pain
in adults. Treatment options for patients with chronic lumbar discogenic pain unresponsive …

Study Design. A prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, investigational device
exemption (IDE) noninferiority trial. Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the 5 …

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to describe the mechanical durability and the
clinical and radiographic outcomes of a viscoelastic total disc replacement (VTDR). The …

A viscoelastic artificial disc may more closely replicate normal stiffness characteristics of the
healthy human disc compared with first-generation total disc replacement (TDR) devices …

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The activL artificial disc received Food and Drug Administration
approval in 2015 based on 2-year follow-up data. Long-term outcomes with this lumbar total …

Background: This study compared 7-year safety and efficacy outcomes of activL and ProDisc-
L lumbar total disc replacements in patients with symptomatic, single-level lumbar …