: A combined finite element and optimization approach to study the effects of muscles on the
biomechanics of the lumbar spine was initiated. Briefly, a three-dimensional, nonlinear, …

There continues to be considerable controversy regarding the management of thoracolumbar
burst fractures. Most feel that failure of the middle osteoligamentous complex, particularly …

Study Design. A finite element model of the ligamentous cervical spinal segment was used
to compute loads in various structures in response to clinically relevant loading modes. …

Prior to implantation, medical devices are subjected to rigorous testing to ensure safety and
efficacy. A full battery of testing protocols for implantable spinal devices may include many …

Study Design. Finite element model of L3–S1 segment and confirmatory cadaveric testing
were used to investigate the biomechanical effects of a mobile core type artificial disc (Charité …

Internal fixation with instrumentation often accompanies surgical fusion to augment spinal
stability, provide temporary fixation while the surgical fusion mass unites, and enhance …

This study details the quantitative three-dimensional surface anatomy of human lumbar
vertebrae based on a study of 60 vertebrae. The two lower vertebrae (L4 and L5) appeared to be …

In this study, the three-dimensional quantitative anatomy of middle and lower cervical
vertebrae was determined. The three-dimensional coordinates of various marked points on the …

This study provides the quantitative three dimensional surface anatomy of the articular
facets for the entire human vertebral column based on a study of 276 vertebrae. Means and …

Study Design. A nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model of the osteoligamentous
L3–L4 motion segment was used to predict changes in posterior element loads as a function …