Neural crest cells that form the vertebrate head skeleton migrate and interact with
surrounding tissues to shape the skull, and defects in these processes underlie many human …

The neural crest is a uniquely vertebrate cell type that gives rise to much of the craniofacial
skeleton, pigment cells and peripheral nervous system, yet its specification and diversification …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play crucial roles in craniofacial development but little
is known about their interactions with other signals, such as Endothelin 1 (Edn1) and …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about the development of cartilage and bone.
The skeletons of vertebrates are remarkably similar. Centuries of studies of bone morphology …

Cranial sensory neurons largely derive from neurogenic placodes(epibranchial and
dorsolateral), which are ectodermal thickenings that form the sensory ganglia associated with …

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Objectives: Sarcopenia is a risk factor for medical
complications following spine surgery. However, the role of sarcopenia as a risk factor for …

AP2 transcription factors regulate many aspects of embryonic development. Studies of
AP2a (Tfap2a) function in mice and zebrafish have demonstrated a role in patterning …

Members of the AP‐2 transcription factor family have critical roles in many aspects of embryonic
development. The zebrafish tfap2a mutant lockjaw (low) displays defects in skeletal and …

Objective To investigate prevention of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and failure (PJF)
following adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery utilizing a novel technique of posterior ligament …

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Objectives: To evaluate demineralized bone matrix
as an adjunct for instrumented lumbar spine fusion compared with recombinant human …