Transforaminal (TF) percutaneous endoscopic surgery for the lumbar spine under the local
anesthesia was initiated in 2003 in Japan. Since it requires only an 8-mm skin incision and …

Background Minimally invasive surgery has become popular in recent times and has proved
more advantageous than conventional open surgery methods, in terms of maximal …

Endoscopic spine surgery has become a practical, minimally invasive technique for
decompression in patients with spinal disc herniation or stenosis. This review aimed to …

Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) has continued to evolve over the past few decades,
with significant advancements in technology and technical skills. From endonasal cervical …

Traditionally, minimally invasive techniques for surgical discectomy have been defined as
smaller incisions, tubular retractors, microscopically assisted tissue dissection, and …

OBJECTIVE: To assess the learning curve of unilateral biportal endoscopic technique for the
treatment of single-level lumbar disc herniation using CUSUM method analysis. METHODS …

Background: Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) is regarded as an
effective treatment option for soft lumbar disc herniation (LDH). There have been few studies …

Study Design. A prospective randomized controlled study. Objective. To clarify whether
percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) has better clinical outcomes …

Background Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TPELD) has
become an alternative and minimally invasive surgical technique for soft lumbar disc …

Background Spinal stenosis is a common disease with an increasing incidence. Narrowing
of the spinal canal is caused by bone and soft tissue degeneration, such as osteophyte …