In the past, the use of endoscopic spine surgery was limited to intervertebral discectomy;
however, it has recently become possible to treat various spinal degenerative diseases …

Spinal endoscopy has the stigma of being reserved for only a few surgeons who can figure
out how to master the steep learning curve and develop clinical practice settings where …

Spinal surgery is undergoing a major transformation toward a minimally invasive paradigm.
This shift is being driven by multiple factors, including the need to address spinal problems …

Objective The purpose of this study was to suggest appropriate indications and
contraindications for full endoscopic surgery and to predict the prognosis for the incidence of …

Background Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy has been widely used to treat
lumbar disc herniation; its advantages are less trauma, faster recovery, lower costs, and …

Background New onset of acute dysethetic leg pain due to irritation of the dorsal root
ganglion (DRG) following uneventful recovery from an expertly executed lumbar …

Spine surgery continues to move into the ambulatory setting in an effort to pair high-quality
care delivery with low-cost facilities. The purpose of this review was to assess the current …

Innovations in spinal endoscopy technology and technique have broadened their
applications during the past 10 years. Smaller outer-diameter working-channel endoscopes …

Background The indications of different endoscopic and endoscopically assisted
translaminar approaches for lumbar spinal stenosis are not well-defined, and validated …

Objective To review concepts of a standalone endoscopically assisted lumbar interbody
fusion as a simplified method to treat spinal instability. Methods MacNab outcomes and …