Transforaminal (TF) percutaneous endoscopic surgery for the lumbar spine under the local
anesthesia was initiated in 2003 in Japan. Since it requires only an 8-mm skin incision and …

Study Design. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Objective. The aim of
this study was to investigate recent outcomes of conservative treatment for bony healing in …

Introduction A sacral insufficiency fracture (SIF) often manifests as low back pain or sciatica
in the absence of any antecedent trauma. These fractures may be missed because of lack of …

Percutaneous endoscopic surgery for the lumbar spine, which was established in the last
decade, requires only an 8-mm skin incision and causes minimal damage to the paravertebral …

Background Full-endoscopic lumbar surgery is used for decompression of lumbar spinal
canal stenosis. Now, a cage can be inserted through Kambin's triangle for lumbar interbody …

In this paper, we describe “state of the art” on the diagnosis and treatment for low back pain
in athletes. Lumbar motion that induces specific pain would be a clue to the exact diagnosis. …

High-intensity zone (HIZ) was originally described as a high-intensity signal on T2-weighted
magnetic resonance (MR) images, located in the posterior annulus fibrosus, clearly …

Background Context Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy is a minimally invasive procedure
for the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). It can be performed under local …

Purpose Lumbar spondylolysis, a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis in the lumbar
spine, is often precipitated by trauma, but there may be a congenital predisposition to this …

Background Percutaneous endoscopic diskectomy (PED) for the lumbar spine is a relatively
new technique that is becoming more common due to its relatively less invasive nature. …