Background Injection with viscosupplements is a common treatment for knee osteoarthritis.
However, there is a lack of knowledge about how the injectate spreads within the knee …

A 72-year-old male presents to the office with a chief complaint of neck pain for 30 years. He
denies numbness or tingling in his upper extremities. He reports restricted range of motion …

In this chapter, patellofemoral pathologies are discussed. Topics covered include pathology,
clinical presentation, physical examination, diagnostic studies, treatment and return to …

Background: There is controversy as to whether fusions should have the upper instrumented
vertebrae (UIV) end in the upper lumbar spine or cross the thoracolumbar junction. This …

This chapter will review aspects of care on a telemedicine visit for the thoracic spine. The
opening starts with the history of present illness with prompts specific to the thoracic spine. The …

This chapter examines neck pain that is due to pathology of the intervertebral disc. The
biomechanical changes that result in discogenic pain are discussed in-depth in this chapter, …

The shoulder is a structurally complex joint with a variety of functions, most importantly
articulating the upper extremities with the trunk and spine. Understanding the anatomy is required …