Purpose: Checkpoint molecules like programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin
mucin-3 (TIM-3) are negative immune regulators that may be upregulated in the setting of …

Introduction The overall survival in patients with gliomas has not significantly increased in
the modern era, despite advances such as immunotherapy. This is in part due to their …

Chronic subdural hematomas are encapsulated blood collections within the dural border
cells with characteristic outer “neomembranes”. Affected patients are more often male and …

OBJECTIVE Resection of metastatic spine tumors can improve patients’ quality of life by
addressing pain or neurological compromise. However, resections are often complicated by …

Purpose Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) with H3K27M mutations have been identified as a
rare distinctive entity with unique genetic features, varied molecular alterations, and poor …

The number of patients who develop metastatic brain lesions is increasing as the diagnosis
and treatment of systemic cancers continues to improve, resulting in longer patient survival. …

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of a neurosurgical enhanced recovery after
surgery (ERAS) protocol on the management of postoperative pain after elective …

OBJECTIVE In spine surgery, racial disparities have been shown to impact various aspects
of surgical care. Previous studies have associated racial disparities with inferior surgical …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) significantly reduces the delivery of many systemically
administered agents to the central nervous system. Although temozolomide is the only …

BACKGROUND: Radiation necrosis (RN) after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain
metastases (BM) can result in significant morbidity, compounded by the effects of extended …