Objective: Low back pain affects many individuals. It has profound effects on well-being and
is often the cause of significant physical and psychological health impairments. Low back …

RESULTS: Part 2 of the guidelines on responsible opioid prescribing provides the following
recommendations for initiating and maintaining chronic opioid therapy of 90 days or longer. 1…

Objective: To determine the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks
with or without steroids in managing chronic low back pain of facet joint origin. Summary …

Background As part of a comprehensive nonsurgical approach, epidural injections often are
used in the management of lumbar disc herniation. Recent guidelines and systematic …

Opioid abuse has continued to increase at an alarming rate since the 1990 s. As documented
by different medical specialties, medical boards, advocacy groups, and the Drug …

Study Design. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Objective. To determine the clinical
effectiveness of therapeutic local anesthetic cervical medial branch blocks with or without …

Background: The pathophysiology of lumbar radicular pain is the subject of ongoing research,
with a reported prevalence of sciatica or radiculitis ranging from 1.2% to 43%. Among the …

Study Design. Analysis of the growth, utilization trends, and Medicare expenditures of spinal
interventional pain management techniques from 2000 through 2008. Objective. To …

Background: The efficacy of epidural and facet joint injections has been assessed utilizing
multiple solutions including saline, local anesthetic, steroids, and others. The responses to …

Background Epidural injections are performed utilizing 3 approaches in the lumbar spine:
caudal, interlaminar, and transforaminal. The literature on the efficacy of epidural injections …