Purpose of Review Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is a relatively new, minimally invasive
technique for interbody fusion. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of …

BACKGROUND CONTEXT The importance of bone status assessment in spine surgery is
well recognized. The current gold standard for assessing bone mineral density is dual-energy …

Purpose of review Lumbar disc replacement has been a surgical alternative to fusion
surgery for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD) for many years. Despite …

Background The rate of cervical spinal fusion has been increasing significantly. However,
there is a paucity of literature describing trends based on surgical approach using complete …

Background Context It has been reported in previous studies that a decreased bone mineral
density (BMD) as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is associated with …

Purpose The vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
was introduced as a bone quality marker in the lumbar spine. Prior studies showed that it …

… Author links open overlay panel Stephan N. Salzmann MD a , Toshiyuki Shirahata MD,
PhD a , Jingyan Yang MHS a b , Courtney Ortiz Miller BA a , Brandon B. Carlson MD, MPH a , …

Purpose Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is an alternate imaging method to dual X-ray
absorptiometry to measure bone mineral density (BMD). One advantage of QCT is that it …

… Author links open overlay panel Ichiro Okano MD a b , Stephan N. Salzmann MD a , Courtney
Ortiz Miller BA a , Yushi Hoshino MD, PhD a b c , Lisa Oezel MD a , Jennifer Shue MS a , …

OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that increases the risk for fragility
fractures. Screening and diagnosis can be achieved by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) …