In the past, the use of endoscopic spine surgery was limited to intervertebral discectomy;
however, it has recently become possible to treat various spinal degenerative diseases …

Many types of surgeries are changing from conventional to minimally invasive techniques.
Techniques in spine surgery have also changed, with endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) …

Over the past few decades, interest in minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) has
increased tremendously due to its core principle of minimizing approach-related injury while …

Spinal endoscopy has the stigma of being reserved for only a few surgeons who can figure
out how to master the steep learning curve and develop clinical practice settings where …

Methods Long-term 5-year MacNab outcomes, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores,
complications, and unintended aftercare were analyzed in a series of 86 patients who …

Background Foraminal stenosis is a condition that is underappreciated by traditionally
trained surgeons because the entire foraminal zone is not adequately visualized with the …

Spinal surgery is undergoing a major transformation toward a minimally invasive paradigm.
This shift is being driven by multiple factors, including the need to address spinal problems …

The aging population around the world leads to increasing incidence of degenerative spinal
conditions. There is a need for a minimally invasive technique in treatment for spinal …

Background: Incidental dural tears during lumbar endoscopy can be challenging to manage.
There is limited literature on their appropriate management, risk factors, and the clinical …

Objective The purpose of this study was to suggest appropriate indications and
contraindications for full endoscopic surgery and to predict the prognosis for the incidence of …