Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), coming from a wide range of sources, have multi-
directional differentiation ability. MSCs play vital roles in immunomodulation, hematopoiesis …

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, with a significant
socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems. It is mainly caused by degenerative disc …

Intradiscal mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration
(IDD) have been gaining increasing interest due to their capacity to ameliorate intervertebral …

Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) and extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy is a promising
treatment for discogenic low back pain (LBP). Although promising, major obstacles remain to …

Background Despite exciting advances in regenerative medicine, cell‐based strategies for
treating degenerative disc disease remain in their infancy. To maximize the potential for …

Low back pain is a very common symptom in people all over the world, which is now the
leading cause of disability worldwide 1, 2. Although the specific cause of low back pain is …

Background A significant hurdle for potential cell‐based therapies is the subsequent survival
and regenerative capacity of implanted cells. While many exciting developments have …

Background Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the primary causes of low back
pain (LBP) and despite a prominent prevalence, present treatment options remain …

Approximately 40% of cases of lower back pain are caused by disc degeneration disease
(DDD). It is well established that microRNA (miR) dysregulation is a key player in various …

The angiopoietin-1 receptor (Tie2) marks specific nucleus pulposus (NP) progenitor cells,
shows a rapid decline during aging and intervertebral disc degeneration, and has thus …