Background A challenge of C2 pedicle screw placement is to avoid penetration into the C1-
C2 facet joint, as this may alter normal biomechanics and accelerate joint degeneration. Our …

Object The small diameter of the pedicle can make C-7 pedicle screw insertion dangerous.
Although transfacet screws have been studied biomechanically when used in pinning joints …

Study Design. A retrospective case-control study. Objective. This study aimed (A) to compare
entry points and trajectories of the cervical pedicle screw (CPS) between degenerative and …

Purpose C2 fixation is a demanding procedure, particularly in patients with variants of C1–
C2 anatomy. The inferior articular process (IAP) of the axis can be an alternative for screw …

Background: The C2 pedicle and pars interarticularis complex have distinct anatomy and
substantial variation in the population. The exact locations of the C2 pedicle and pars …

Purpose The goal of this study was to compare the accuracy and cranial facet joint violation
rates between percutaneous pedicle screw placements using conventional fluoroscopy and …

Study Design. Retrospective study comparing cranial facet joint violation rates of open and
percutaneous pedicle screws inserted using 3-dimensional image-guidance. Objective. To …

Background We describe a technique for percutaneous transfacet screw placement in the
cervical spine without the need for lateral-view fluoroscopy. Methods Previously established …

Background: The gold standard for percutaneous pedicle screw placement is 2-dimensional
(2D) fluoroscopy. Data are sparse on the accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) navigation …

Study Design. Retrospective study evaluating cranial facet joint violation (FJV) by pedicle
screws. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and risk factors of …