Fortifying the Bone-Implant Interface Part 1: An In Vitro Evaluation of 3D-Printed and TPS Porous Surfaces

  • International Journal of Spine Surgery
  • January 2017,
  • 11
  • (3)
  • 15;
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/4015

Fig. 4

Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Two-way ANOVA analysis of additive manufactured (AM) compared to titanium plasma spray (TPS) coated discs, with and without nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) coating for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (a) and calcium production (b). When warranted, a Tukey’s post hoc test was used. Analysis was conducted within each time point for each metric. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001, n = 5 per group, mean ± SD.

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International Journal of Spine Surgery

Vol. 20, Issue 4

1 Aug 2026

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    Fortifying the Bone-Implant Interface Part 1: An In Vitro Evaluation of 3D-Printed and TPS Porous Surfaces
    • International Journal of Spine Surgery
    • January 2017,
    • 11
    • (3)
    • 15;
    • DOI: 10.14444/4015

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Keywords

additive manufacturing, titanium plasma spray coating, osteointegration, biomimetic implant surfaces