List of short-term (<2-year follow-up) lumbar decompression studies included into the effect size meta-analysis comparing endoscopic to other translaminar decompression surgeries with brief summary of study highlights.
| # | Authors | Year | Title | Reference | Study Highlights |
| 1. | Abudurexiti T, Qi L, et al36 | 2018 | Microendoscopic discectomy vs percutaneous endoscopic surgery for lumbar disk herniation. | J Int Med Res 2018;46:3910–7. | Prospective study comparing PELD vs MED in the treatment of 216 patients with lumbar disc herniation |
| 2. | Ahn JS, Lee HJ, et al78 | 2018 | Extraforaminal approach of biportal endoscopic spinal surgery: a new endoscopic technique for transforaminal decompression and discectomy. | J Neurosurg Spine 2018;28:492–8. | Retrospective cohort study of 21 patients treated with biportal endoscopic spinal surgery as a new endoscopic technique for transforaminal decompression |
| 3. | Ao S, Wu J, et al19 | 2019 | Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy assisted by O-arm-based navigation improves the learning curve. | Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:6509409. | Prospective cohort study of 118 patients to assess the safety and efficacy of PELD assisted by O-arm-based navigation for treating LDH |
| 4. | Cao S, Cui H, et al138 | 2019 | "Tube in tube" interlaminar endoscopic decompression for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: technique notes and preliminary clinical outcomes of case series. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e17021. | Retrospective efficacy and safety study of 35 patients treated with tube-in-tube interlaminar endoscopic MED decompression in treating LSS |
| 5. | Chen Z, Zhang L, et al114 | 2018 | Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy compared with microendoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: 1 year results of an ongoing randomized controlled trial. | J Neurosurg Spine 2018;28:300–10. | Randomized prospective controlled study of 153 patients to investigate whether percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy results in better clinical outcomes and less surgical trauma than MED |
| 6. | Choi G, Lee SH, et al139 | 2006 | Percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy for intracanalicular disc herniations at L5-S1 using a rigid working channel endoscope. | Neurosurgery 2006;58:ONS59-68; discussion ONS59-68. | Retrospective study of 65 patientson the procedure and clinical results of interlaminar L5-S1 level PELD and the relevant surgical anatomy |
| 7. | Dabo X, Ziqiang C, et al24 | 2016 | The clinical results of percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID) in the treatment of calcified lumbar disc herniation: a case-control study. | Pain Physician 2016;19:69–76. | Retrospective case-control study of 30 patients treated with PELD for calcified and noncalcified lumbar disc herniations |
| 8. | Eun SS, Chachan S, et al140 | 2018 | Interlaminar percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: rotate and retract technique. | World Neurosurg 2018;118:188–92. | Retrospective study of 17 patients who underwent interlaminar PELD with the rotate and retract technique |
| 9. | Eun SS, Eum JH, et al112 | 2017 | Biportal endoscopic lumbar decompression for lumbar disk herniation and spinal canal stenosis: a technical note. | J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2017;78:390–6. | Retrospective study of 17 patients treated with biportal endoscopic lumbar decompression technique using 2 portals to treat difficult lumbar disc herniations and also lumbar spinal stenoses |
| 10 | Gadjradj, Pravesh S, et al141 | 2016 | Clinical outcomes after percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a prospective case series. | Neurosurg Focus. 2016 Feb;40(2):E3. | Prospective study of 166 patients who underwent surgery for a total of 167 LDH |
| 11. | He S, Sun Z, et al26 | 2018 | Combining YESS and TESSYS techniques during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for multilevel lumbar disc herniation. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e11240. | Retrospective study on 52 patients with multilevel LDH treated with combination of YESS and TESSYS |
| 12. | Heo DH, Lee DC, et al113 | 2019 | Comparative analysis of three types of minimally invasive decompressive surgery for lumbar central stenosis: biportal endoscopy, uniportal endoscopy, and microsurgery. | Neurosurg Focus 2019;46:E9. | Retrospective study on MED vs endoscopic unilateral laminotomy with bilateral decompression to treat lumbar canal stenosis |
| 13. | Heo DH, Sharma S, et al66 | 2019 | Endoscopic treatment of extraforaminal entrapment of L5 nerve root (far out syndrome) by unilateral biportal endoscopic approach: technical report and preliminary clinical results. | Neurospine 2019;16:130–7. | Retrospective consecutive of 16 patients with unilateral extraforaminal entrapment of the L5 nerve root (far out syndrome) treated with percutaneous biportal endoscopies |
| 14. | Hsu HT, Chang SJ, et al142 | 2013 | Learning curve of full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy. | Eur Spine J 2013;22:727–33. | Retrospective study of 57 patients who underwent full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy and 66 patients who underwent open microdiscectomy |
| 15. | Hu A, Gu X, et al5 | 2018 | Epidural vs intravenous steroids application following percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e0654. | Retrospective study of LDH patients who had undergone transforaminal PELD comparing epidural steroid, intravenous steroid to control a group each containing 60 patients |
| 16. | Hu Z, Li X, et al45 | 2017 | Significance of preoperative planning software for puncture and channel establishment in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a study of 40 cases. | Int J Surg 2017;41:97–103. | Retrospective study of 40 patients to compare the clinical efficacy of preoperative planning software in puncture and channel establishment of PELD |
| 17. | Hua W, Tu J, et al13 | 2018 | Full-endoscopic discectomy via the interlaminar approach for disc herniation at L4-L5 and L5-S1: an observational study. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e0585. | Retrospective study of 80 patients to investigate the clinical outcomes of full-endoscopic discectomy via the interlaminar approach for LDH at L4-L5 under general anesthesia |
| 18. | Hua W, Zhang Y, et al7 | 2018 | Outcomes of discectomy by using full-endoscopic visualization technique via the interlaminar and transforaminal approaches in the treatment of L5-S1 disc herniation: an observational study. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e13456. | Retrospective study of 60 patients treated with full-endoscopic visualization technique via the interlaminar approach vs the transforaminal approach for LDH under general anesthesia |
| 19. | Hubbe U, Franco-Jimenez P, et al143 | 2006 | Minimally invasive tubular microdiscectomy for recurrent lumbar disc herniation. | J Neurosurg Spine 2016;24:48–53. | Retrospective safety and efficacy of minimally invasive tubular microdiscectomy LDH |
| 20. | Hwa Eum J, Hwa Heo D, et al74 | 2016 | Percutaneous biportal endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: a technical note and preliminary clinical results. | J Neurosurg Spine 2016;24:602–7. | Retrospective study of 58 single-level lumbar stenosis patients who underwent unilateral laminotomy with bilateral foraminal decompression using a unilateral biportal endoscopic system |
| 21. | Kapetanakis S, Giovannopoulou E, et al144 | 2016 | Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy in Parkinson disease: preliminary results and short review of the literature. | Korean J Spine 2016;13:144–50. | Retrospective case-control effectiveness study of transforaminal PELD in 10 Parkinson patients and 10 control patients |
| 22. | Kim HS, Adsul N, et al145 | 2018 | Full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy using the calcification floating technique for symptomatic partially calcified lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus. | World Neurosurg 2018;119:500–5. | Retrospective study of 31 patients who underwent full-endoscopic discectomy using free floating technique for partially calcified lumbar HNP |
| 23. | Kim HS, Adsul N, et al1 | 2018 | A mobile outside-in technique of transforaminal lumbar endoscopy for lumbar disc herniations. | J Vis Exp 2018. | Prospective study of 184 patients to describe the technical aspects of a novel mobile outside-in method in dealing with different types of disc prolapse |
| 24. | Kim HS, Paudel B, et al56 | 2018 | Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for all types of lumbar disc herniations (LDH) including severely difficult and extremely difficult LDH cases. | Pain Physician 2018;21:E401-E8. | Retrospective consecutive case study of 98 patients who underwent PELD for severely difficult and extremely difficult |
| 25. | Kim HS, Yudoyono F, et al68 | 2017 | Analysis of clinical results of three different routes of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy for lumbar herniated disk. | World Neurosurg 2017;103:442–8. | Retrospective study of 71 transforaminal PELD patients divided in the foraminal (group A), intervertebral (group B), and suprapedicular (group C) with 32, 46, and 33 patients, respectively |
| 26. | Li LJ, Chang F, et al146 | 2018 | Clinical effects of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal decompression for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. | Zhongguo Gu Shang 2018;31:617–20. | Retrospective study of 67 patients who underwent transforaminal PELD for lumbar spinal stenosis |
| 27. | Li M, Yang H, et al27 | 2015 | Full-endoscopic technique discectomy vs microendoscopic discectomy for the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation. | Pain Physician 2015;18:359–63. | Restrospective study of 85 patients treated with PELD vs MED for LDH |
| 28. | Li XF, Jin LY, et al147 | 2019 | Endoscopic ventral decompression for spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis by partially removing posterosuperior margin underneath the slipping vertebral body: technical note and outcome evaluation. | World Neurosurg 2019;126:e517-e25. | Retrospective study of 25 patients to describe the percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic ventral decompression technique |
| 29. | Liu W, Li Q, et al4 | 2019 | Clinical efficacy of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in treating adolescent lumbar disc herniation. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e14682. | Retrospective study of 43 adolescent patients diagnosed with single-segment LDH treated with transforaminal PELD |
| 30. | Liu X, Yuan S, et al111 | 2018 | Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy, microendoscopic discectomy, and microdiscectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation: minimum 2 year follow-up results. | J Neurosurg Spine 2018;28:317–25. | Retrospective study of 192 LDH patients at L3-L4 and L4-L5 divided into PELD (60 patients), MED (63 patients), and microdiscectomy (69 patients) |
| 31. | Liu Y, Cai P, et al148 | 2017 | Effectiveness of percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery for treatment of lumbar spine disorders with intraspinal ossification. | Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017;31:1326–33. | Retrospective study of 96 patients with LDH and LSS with intraspinal ossification were treated with PELD |
| 32. | Madhavan K, Chieng LO, et al149 | 2016 | Early experience with endoscopic foraminotomy in patients with moderate degenerative deformity. | Neurosurg Focus 2016;40:E6. | Retrospective study of retrospective analysis of 16 patients with coronal deformity of between 10° and 20° treated with PELD |
| 33. | Pan Z, Ha Y, et al42 | 2016 | Efficacy of transforaminal endoscopic spine system (TESSYS) technique in treating lumbar disc herniation. | Med Sci Monit 2016;22:530–9. | Retrospective study efficacy and safety study in 109 patients treated with percutaneous TESSYS and traditional fenestration discectomy |
| 34. | Sang PM, Zhang M, et al150 | 2018 | Treatment of migrated lumbar disc herniation with percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy and target foraminoplasty. | Zhongguo Gu Shang 2018;31:302–5. | Retrospective study of 25 patients with migrated LDH were treated with PELD with target foraminoplasty |
| 35. | Shi C, Kong W, et al9 | 2018 | The early clinical outcomes of a percutaneous full-endoscopic interlaminar approach via a surrounding nerve root discectomy operative route for the treatment of ventral-type lumbar disc herniation. | Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:9157089. | Retrospective study of 22 patients undergoing full-endoscopic interlaminar discectomy for ventral LDH via both the shoulder and the axilla of the corresponding nerve root |
| 36. | Shin SH, Bae JS, et al151 | 2018 | Transforaminal endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: a novel surgical technique and clinical outcomes. | World Neurosurg 2018;114:e873-e82. | Retrospective study of 30 consecutive cases LCS treated with transforaminal endoscopic decompression |
| 37. | Sun Y, Zhang W, et al38 | 2017 | Comprehensive comparing percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy with posterior lumbar internal fixation for treatment of adjacent segment lumbar disc prolapse with stable retrolisthesis: a retrospective case-control study. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e7471. | Retrospective comparison study PELD (11 patients) and PLIF (13 patients) for treatment of adjacent segment lumbar disc prolapse with stable retrolisthesis after a previous fusion |
| 38. | Tang S, Jin S, et al25 | 2018 | Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar decompression by using rigid bendable burr for lumbar lateral recess stenosis: technique and clinical outcome. | Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:2601232. | Retrospective comparative study PELD open decompression in LSS in 48 consecutive patients |
| 39. | Tao, X. Z., Jing, L, et al20 | 2018 | Therapeutic effect of transforaminal endoscopic spine system in the treatment of prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc. | Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Jul;22(1 Suppl):103–110. | Randomized prospective trial of 462 LDH patients treated with PELD (n = 231) and open decompression in the control group (n = 231) |
| 40. | Wang H, Zhou Y, et al18 | 2015 | Risk factors for failure of single-level percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. | J Neurosurg Spine 2015;23:320–5. | Retrospective study to identify risk factors for failure of PELD for single-level LDH in 350 patients who underwent PELD |
| 41. | Wang J, Zhou Y, et al152 | 2009 | Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. | Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2009;23:400–3. | Retrospective study of 52 PELD patients with discogenic chronic low back pain |
| 42. | Wang SJ, Chen BH, et al23 | 2017 | The effect of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy under different anesthesia on pain and immunity of patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc. | Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017;21:2793–9. | Restrospective study of 82 PELD patients under different anesthesia on pain and immunity of patients with lumbar disc herniation |
| 43. | Wang Y, Yan Y, et al153 | 2019 | Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic transarticular discectomy for huge central or paracentral lumbar disc herniation. | Int Orthop 2019;43:939–45. | Retrospective study on 16 patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic transarticular discectomy for huge central/paracentral LDH |
| 44. | Wen B, Zhang X, et al43 | 2016 | Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar spinal canal decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e5186. | Retrospective study of 64 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent percutaneous endoscopic lumbar spinal canal decompression |
| 45. | Wu GN, Zhang SM, et al154 | 2017 | Percataneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for the treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. | Zhongguo Gu Shang 2017;30:861–5. | Retrospective study of 46 PELD patients treated for LDH. |
| 46. | Xin Z, Huang P, et al51 | 2019 | Using a percutaneous spinal endoscopy unilateral posterior interlaminar approach to perform bilateral decompression for patients with lumbar lateral recess stenosis. | Asian J Surg 2019. | Retrospective study of 47 patients with bilateral symptomatic LCS treated with percutaneous spinal endoscopy via a unilateral posterior interlaminar approach with bilateral decompression |
| 47. | Xiong C, Li T, et al116 | 2009 | Early outcomes of 270 degree spinal canal decompression by using TESSYS-ISEE technique in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis combined with disk herniation. | Eur Spine J 2019;28:78–86. | Retrospective study of 32 patients with LSS due to LDH with newly developed minimal invasive TESSYS-ISEE technique |
| 48. | Xu B, Xu H, et al11 | 2017 | Anatomic investigation of lumbar transforaminal fenestration approach and its clinical application in far lateral disc herniation. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e7542. | Retrospective study of 30 patients with LDH underwent MED via the transforaminal fenestration approach |
| 49. | Xu Z, Liu Y, et al28 | 2018 | Percutaneous ndoscopic interlaminar discectomy for L5-S1 adolescent lumbar disc herniation. | Turk Neurosurg 2018;28:923–8. | Retrospective study of 23 adolescent patients who underwent percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy for L5-S1 LDH |
| 50. | Yang D, Wu X, et al155 | 2018 | A modified percutaneous endoscopic technique to remove extraforaminal disk herniation at the L5-S1 segment. | World Neurosurg 2018;119:e671-e8. | Retrospective study of 100 extraforaminal LDH patients. The geometric parameters of the transverse process, facet joint, and sacrum space based on imaging examination were measured |
| 51. | Yang JC, Hai Y, et al156 | 2018 | Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis. | Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018;98:3711–5. | Retrospective study of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in 7 patients with L4-L5 single-segment lumbar spinal stenosis |
| 52. | Ying J, Huang K, et al40 | 2016 | The effect and feasibility study of transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy via superior border of inferior pedicle approach for down-migrated intracanal disc herniations. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2899. | Retrospective study of 45 PELD patients with down-migrated single-level LDH treated with upper border of inferior pedicle, foraminoplasty, or common transforaminal route |
| 53. | Zhang J, Jin MR, et al185 | 2019 | Clinical application of percutaneous transforaminal endoscope-assisted lumbar interbody fusion. | Zhongguo Gu Shang 2019;32:1138–43. | Retrospective safety and efficacy study on 25 patients percutaneous transforaminal endoscope-assisted lumbar interbody fusion |
HNP, Herniated Nucleus Pulposus; ISEE, Interlaminar Endoscopy; LCS, lateral canal stenosis; LDH, lumbar disc herniation; LSS, lumbar spinal stenosis; MED, minimally endoscopic discectomy; PELD, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy; TESSYS, transforaminal endoscopic spine system; YESS, Yeung endoscopic spine system.