Study groups by surgical indication (N = 101).
| Surgical Indications | n |
| Spinal deformities | 58 |
| Posterior thoracolumbar or lumbar fusion | |
| Idiopathic scoliosis | 25 |
| Degenerative scoliosis | 21 |
| Transpedicular osteotomy or pedicle subtraction osteotomy | |
| Kyphoscoliosis | 10 |
| Proximal junctional kyphosis | 2 |
| Degenerative Diseases | 31 |
| Lumbar fusion | |
| Anterior lumbar interbody fusion | 3 |
| Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion | 21 |
| Lumbar arthrodesis | 3 |
| Spinal revision | 1 |
| Thoracic herniated disc | 2 |
| Decompression without instrumentation | 1 |
| Vertebral fractures | 12 |
| Vertebroplasty | 8 |
| Kyphoplasty | 4 |