Material properties for the lumbosacral model utilized for the present study.
| Anatomical Structure | Young’s Modulus (MPa)20,21 | Lateral Young’s Modulus (MPa)21 | Poisson’s Ratio20,21 | Axial Spring Stiffness Nm/° |
| Disc | 3–15 | 1–3 | 0.3 | 10–30 |
| Cortical bone endplate | 11,000 | - | 0.3 | - |
| Cancellous bone | 110 | - | 0.3 | - |