Patient demographics.
| Characteristic | Women (n = 134) | Men (n = 179) | P Valuea |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 47.7 ± 10.3 | 46.7 ± 10.1 | 0.373 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 28.9 ± 6.6 | 29.6 ± 5.0 | 0.287 |
| Obesity status, % (n) | 0.269 | ||
| Nonobese | 60.5% (81) | 54.2% (97) | |
| Obese | 39.6% (53) | 45.8% (82) | |
| Ethnicity, % (n) | 0.505 | ||
| African-American | 14.9% (20) | 14.5% (26) | |
| Asian | 3.0% (4) | 0.6% (1) | |
| Hispanic | 5.2% (7) | 6.7% (12) | |
| White | 73.9% (99) | 76.0% (136) | |
| Other | 3.0% (4) | 2.2% (4) | |
| Diabetic status, % (n) | 0.169 | ||
| Nondiabetic | 91.0% (122) | 95.0% (170) | |
| Diabetic | 9.0% (12) | 5.0% (9) | |
| Smoking status, % (n) | 0.667 | ||
| Nonsmoker | 79.4% (104) | 81.4% (144) | |
| Smoker | 20.6% (27) | 18.6% (33) | |
| Blood pressure, % (n) | 0.874 | ||
| Normotensive | 74.8% (98) | 74.0% (131) | |
| Hypertensive | 25.2% (33) | 26.0% (46) | |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists score, % (n) | 0.719 | ||
| ≤2 | 89.6% (112) | 88.2% (135) | |
| >2 | 10.4% (13) | 11.8% (18) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 0.101 |
| Insurance type, % (n) | 0.005 | ||
| Medicare/Medicaid | 9.0% (12) | 5.0% (9) | |
| Workers’ compensation | 25.4% (34) | 42.5% (76) | |
| Private | 65.7% (88) | 52.5% (94) |
Note: Boldface indicates significance.
↵a P value calculated using χ 2 analysis or paired sample t test.