Ranges of motion (in °) of the intact model, compared with data from experimental studies available in the literature and obtained under the same loading conditions. SDs of the literature data are reported in parentheses.
| Level | Flexion-Extension | Lateral Bending | Axial Rotation | |||
| Model | Literaturea | Model | Literaturea | Model | Literaturea | |
| L1-L2 | 7.3 | 8.5 (2.5) | 7.1 | 8 (2.5) | 6.5 | 3 (1.5) |
| L2-L3 | 7.1 | 9.0 (2.0) | 7.3 | 10.5 (3.0) | 7.0 | 4.5 (2.5) |
| L3-L4 | 8.7 | 10.0 (3.0) | 9.6 | 11 (3.0) | 5.1 | 5.5 (3.0) |
| L4-L5 | 12.1 | 12.5 (3.5) | 10.0 | 11 (2.5) | 3.8 | 6 (3.0) |
| L5-S1 | 13.8 | 14.0 (4.0) | 5.8 | 8.5 (2.5) | 3.2 | 4 (2.0) |
| SIJ | 1.2 | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.7 | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.8 | 1.2 (0.6) |
Abbreviation: SIJ, sacroiliac joint.
↵a Source: Cook et al31 for T11-S1 (91 specimens from female donors); Soriano-Baron et al32 for the SIJ (7 donors).