Breakdown of Elements in Lumbar L3–L5 Finite Element Model12
| Element Set | Number of Elements | ABAQUS Element Library Type | Modulus of Elasticity, MPa | Poisson's Ratio | Cross-Sectional Area, mm2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bony regions | |||||
| Cortical bone | 1872 | C3D8 | 12000 | 0.3 | |
| Cancellous bone | 4368 | C3D8 | 100 | 0.2 | |
| Posterior bone | 1256 | C3D8 | 3500 | 0.25 | |
| Intervertebral disc | |||||
| Annulus (ground substance) | 3584 | C3D8 | 1.2 | 0.45 | |
| Annulus fibers | REBAR | 357.5–550 | 0.30 | 0.00601–0.00884 | |
| Nucleus pulposus | 1792 | C3D8 | 1.0 | 0.4999 | |
| Joints | |||||
| Apophyseal joints | 80 | GAPUNI | Softened, 3500 | ||
| Ligaments | |||||
| Anterior longitudinal | 160 | T2D2 | 15.6–20.0 | 0.3 | 74 |
| Posterior longitudinal | 96 | T2D2 | 10.0–20.0 | 0.3 | 14.4 |
| Transverse | 20 | T2D2 | 12.0–59.0 | 0.3 | 1.8 |
| Ligamentum flavum | 16 | T2D2 | 13.0–19.5 | 0.3 | 40 |
| Interspinous | 28 | T2D2 | 9.8–12.0 | 0.3 | 40 |
| Supraspinous | 8 | T2D2 | 8.8–15.0 | 0.3 | 30 |
| Capsular | 2 | T2D2 | 8.48–32.9 | 0.3 | 34 |