Results of Decompression Alone in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-up

This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy and informed written consent was obtained from all patients. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Wonkwang University Hospital (IRB No. 2019-05-037).

Materials

Patients who underwent decompression only without fusion and had been diagnosed as having spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis from May 2010 to March 2014 were enrolled in this study. Conservative treatment of more than 6 months had failed in 42 patients; they underwent surgical treatment at ≤2 levels and were followed up for at least 5 years. Patients with a history of previous surgery or trauma, previous diagnosis of spinal diseases (inflammation or tumor), or spinal deformities were excluded. Patients with dynamic instability, defined as >4 mm difference or >10° preoperative flexion-extension lateral radiographs based on segmental mobility, were also excluded. The average follow-up period was 7.2 years, and the mean age of patients was 63.2 years. There were 14 men and 22 women. Ten patients complained of radiating leg pain only, three had back pain, and 23 had both symptoms. According to the Meyerding classification for the grade of dislocation, 29 patients had grade 1 dislocation, whereas seven had grade 2 dislocation. The range of decompression was as follows: 30 patients with decompression at 1 level and six with decompression at 2 levels; seven with decompression at L3–4 level, 10 with decompression at L4–5 level, and 13 with decompression at L5–S1 level; and three patients underwent both L3–4 and L4–5 decompression, while the remaining three underwent L4–5 and L5–S1 decompression (Table 1).

Table 1
Demographic Data

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The preoperative diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis was confirmed by plain radiographs of the lumbar spine and cross-sectional images of magnetic resonance imaging. The degree of displacement was determined by using Taillard's method, and displacement length was identified based on the length of the upper margin of the distal lumbar and sacral body. Displacement angle was defined as the angle between the vertical lines drawn from the lines passing through the superior margin of the posterior lumbar and sacral bodies. The height of the intervertebral disc was measured as the intervertebral length of the median line between a line that passes the inferoposterior margin of the proximal lumbar vertebra and a line that passes the superoanterior margin of the distal lumbosacral vertebra (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
Measurement of the degree of displacement (A), displacement angle (B), and disc height (C) on the lumbar spinal X-ray.

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The VAS score improved from an average of 7.8 points preoperatively to 3.2, 2.2, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.4 points at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after surgery, respectively. The ODI improved from 57 points preoperatively to 28, 25, 22, 20, and 19 at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after surgery, respectively (Fig. 2). The degree of radiologic displacement significantly increased from 5.1 mm preoperatively to 6.4 mm at the final follow-up (p < 0.05). Displacement angle and disc height decreased from 6.7° to 6.0° and from 10.3 mm to 9.4 mm, respectively, but the decrease was not statistically significant (Table 2). Radiographic instability was observed in five patients (13.8%) during follow-up, two of whom required fusion (Fig. 3). One patient showed cerebrospinal fluid leakage intraoperatively, and medical complications were noted in two patients.

Fig. 2
Visual analog scale score (A) and Oswestry disability index (B) assessed preoperatively (Preop) and at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years postoperatively.

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Fig. 3
A 59-year-old woman with radiologic instability after microscopic decompression underwent posterior instrumentation. (A) Preoperative radiographs: anteroposterior and lateral flexion-extension views. (B) At 2 years after the microscopic decompression, radiologic instability deteriorated. (C) Postoperative radiographs showing posterior instrumentation at the L4–5 level. FLE: flexion, EXT: extension.

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Table 2
Comparison of Degree of Displacement, Displacement Angle, and Disc Height Measured by Using a Lumbar Spinal X-ray Preoperatively and at the Postoperative Follow-ups

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Conservative treatment can be performed for degenerative spondylolisthesis, and surgical treatment may be considered if pain or neurologic symptoms persist. Herkowitz and Kurz13) concluded that controlled decompression with conventional midline laminectomy in patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis had a high failure rate and that decompression and fusion was the best treatment method. Kornblum et al.14) concluded in a recent review of the systematic literature that decompression and fusion may have a better clinical outcome than simple decompression. However, degenerative spondylolisthesis shows a spectrum of pathology ranging from a very stable collapsed disc to a state of maintained disc height with significant transition. Clinical manifestations also widely vary and typically present with bilateral neurogenic claudication, unilateral or bilateral radiating pain, and sciatica. Several authors have emphasized the importance of choosing appropriate treatment modalities for these various conditions. Recent reports have shown good clinical results of decompression alone, without fusion. In the current study, we analyzed the long-term results of decompression alone in patients with spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis (because decompression only was the standard treatment protocol at our institution) and found satisfactory results.

Approximately 84% of patients with back pain showed postoperative improvement in this study. Based on this, mechanical back pain was not considered as a major factor for fusion. Moreover, Kleinstueck et al.15) reported that the results of surgery did not differ depending on the baseline symptoms (primarily lower extremity pain or lumbar back pain). This may be due to the fact that angular motion decreases biodynamically, unlike isthmic spondylolisthesis, and the stability of vertebral segment is maintained according to the spinal degeneration theory, which was suggested by Kirkaldy-Willis and Hill.16)

As we mentioned above, there is currently no consensus on gold standard treatment for spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis. We reviewed several articles on pros and cons of decompression only and decompression with fusion (Table 3). Pieters et al.17) performed comparative analysis of decompression (907 cases) versus decompression and fusion (8,699 cases) for lumbar spondylolisthesis by using multicenter, prospectively collected data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. They compared 30-day outcomes of decompression alone versus combination of decompression and fusion in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Unplanned return to surgery was 3.02% in the fusion group and 1.02% in the decompression only group. Minor adverse events occurred in 12.8% of the fusion group and in 4.9% of the decompression only group. Major adverse events occurred in 4.5% of the fusion group and in 3.1% of the decompression only group. There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality, prolonged admission, or 30-day readmission. They concluded that unplanned return to the operating room and major and minor adverse events were more frequent in patients undergoing fusion. Ikuta et al.18) investigated the minimum 2-year outcome in 37 patients with microendoscopic posterior decompression procedures for spinal stenosis associated with degenerative spondylolisthesis. In this study, although the progression of spondylolisthesis and the increase of segmental sagittal motion after surgery were seen in seven patients (19%), only one patient required secondary fusion during the follow-up period. Chen et al.19) performed a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials and 14 nonrandomized controlled studies including 77,994 patients to compare decompression alone (7,878 cases) and decompression with fusion (70,116 cases). Their conclusion was that among patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis, decompression with fusion did not yield better clinical outcomes than decompression alone. Also, the complication rate and reoperation rate were comparable between the two treatment groups. However, patients who underwent decompression alone had shorter operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, and shorter hospital stay.

Table 3
Comparative Studies According to Surgical Approach for Treatment

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In contrast, Ghogawala et al.20) who performed a randomized control study on laminectomy plus fusion (31 cases) versus laminectomy alone (35 cases) concluded that among patients with degenerative grade I spondylolisthesis, the addition of lumbar spinal fusion to laminectomy was associated with slightly greater but clinically meaningful improvement in overall physical health-related quality of life than laminectomy alone. The fusion group had a greater increase in 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) physical-component summary scores at 2 years after surgery than did the decompression alone group (15.2 vs. 9.5). The increases in the SF-36 physical-component summary scores in the fusion group remained greater than those in the decompression alone group at 3 years and at 4 years after surgery. With respect to reduction in disability related to back pain, the changes in the ODI scores at 2 years after surgery did not differ significantly between the two groups (−17.9 in the decompression alone group and −26.3 in the fusion group).

However, most studies suggested no significant differences between both surgical procedures. Rampersaud et al.21) performed a multicenter study comparing clinical outcomes of decompression alone (46 cases) and decompression with fusion (133 cases) for at least 2 years. In this study, there was no significant difference in baseline SF-36 scores, the proportion of patients achieving minimal clinically important difference and substantial clinical benefit. Austevoll et al.22) evaluated the effect of adding fusion to decompression in patients operated for lumbar spinal stenosis with a concomitant lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. At 12-month follow-up, the fusion group (260 cases) rated their pain significantly lower than the decompression alone group (260 cases) and ODI was not significantly different between the groups. Hayashi et al.23) compared the invasiveness, clinical outcomes, complications, and reoperation rates following microendoscopic laminotomy (30 cases) and posterior lumbar interbody fusion with cortical bone trajectory (20 cases) for degenerative spondylolisthesis with subsequent instability. They concluded that there were no significant differences between the two surgical methods regarding clinical outcomes, complications, and reoperation rates. Yagi et al.24) compared direct costs, outcomes, and cost utility of decompression with fusion (40 cases) versus decompression alone (59 cases) for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. The fusion group had a higher initial surgery cost ($18,992 ± $2,932) but lower reoperation frequency (7%) than the decompression group ($7,660 ± $2,182 and 12%, respectively). They concluded both methods were cost-effective at the 3-year follow-up.

Our study has several limitations due to the strict inclusion criteria and the small number of patients for powerful analysis. Further studies are required to verify the results of the surgical method we used. In conclusion, the long-term follow-up of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis revealed that satisfactory clinical results could be obtained with decompression without fusion and thus the surgical intervention is not always necessary.