Study Design Narrative review. Objectives The purpose of this review is to outline the role of
sex hormones, particularly estrogen, in the pathogenesis of degenerative disc disease (DDD…

Background Risk assessment is critically important in elective and high-risk interventions,
particularly spine surgery. This narrative review describes the evolution of risk assessment …

OBJECTIVE Frailty is a clinical state of increased vulnerability due to age-associated decline
and has been well established as a perioperative risk factor. Geriatric patients have a …

Study design Retrospective Cohort Study. Purpose This study evaluates the impact of patient
frailty status on postoperative complications in those undergoing multi-level lumbar fusion …

Background Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a well-recognized complication following
surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD); however, definitions for PJK and its clinical …

Background Active patients with displaced femoral neck fractures are often treated with total
hip arthroplasty (THA). However, optimal femoral fixation in these patients is controversial. …

Background In recent years, the use of intraoperative computer tomography-guided (CT-guided)
navigation has gained significant popularity among healthcare providers who perform …

OBJECTIVE Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are among the most common intracranial tumors.
Understanding the clinical effects of various modifiable risk factors (MRFs) and nonmodifiable …

Purpose This study evaluates the influence of patient frailty status on postoperative
complications in those receiving single-level lumbar fusion surgery. Methods The nationwide …

Study Design/Setting Retrospective cohort analysis Objectives To characterize the impact of
COVID-19 on utilization of the ten most common spine procedures and percentages of …