Study Design. Range of motion, neutral zone, and stiffness parameters of the complete
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar sheep spine were determined in flexion and extension, axial left/…

Background The sheep spine is often used as a model for the human spine, although the
degree to which these spines are anatomically comparable has yet to be categorically …

BACKGROUND: Major deficits of many finite element models of the lumbar spine are the
oversimplification, assumed constellation of the material properties or the insufficiently …

The aim of this literature review was to present and to evaluate all grading systems for cervical
and lumbar disc and facet joint degeneration, which are accessible from the MEDLINE …

Interspinous implants are used to treat lumbar spinal stenosis or facet joint arthritis. The aims
of implanting interspinous devices are to unload the facet joints, restore foraminal height …

Study Design. Finite element study. Objective. To investigate intradiscal pressure, shear
strain between anulus and adjacent endplates, and fiber strain in the anulus under pure and …

Many different radiographic grading systems for disc degeneration are described in literature.
However, only a few of them are tested for interobserver agreement and none for validity. …

BACKGROUND: Disc prolapses can result from various complex load situations and degenerative
changes in the intervertebral disc. The aim of this finite element study was to find load …

Early stages of intervertebral disc degeneration are postulated to cause instability. In the
literature, however, some authors report the opposite. These contradictory positions are …

BACKGROUND: Interspinous spacers are mainly used to treat lumbar spinal stenosis and
facet arthrosis. Biomechanically, they stabilise in extension but do not compensate instability …