Minimally invasive percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) with a transforaminal approach
under local anesthesia was started in the late 20th century. As the procedure requires a …

Aims Although lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are well-documented, few large-scale
studies have investigated thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TLTV) and spinal …

Glucocorticoids are the drugs most commonly used to manage inflammatory diseases.
However, they are prone to inducing muscle atrophy by increasing muscle proteolysis and …

Introduction A sacral insufficiency fracture (SIF) often manifests as low back pain or sciatica
in the absence of any antecedent trauma. These fractures may be missed because of lack of …

Background Full-endoscopic lumbar surgery is used for decompression of lumbar spinal
canal stenosis. Now, a cage can be inserted through Kambin's triangle for lumbar interbody …

Recent studies show that muscle mass and metabolic function are interlinked. Muscle RING
finger 1 (MuRF1) is a critical muscle‐specific ubiquitin ligase associated with muscle atrophy…

A 32‐year‐old man underwent radiofrequency thermal annuloplasty (TA) with percutaneous
endoscopic discectomy (PED) under local anesthesia for chronic low back pain. His …

Purpose of the review Transforaminal full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) under
local anesthesia was first introduced in Japan in 2003. Initially referred to as percutaneous …

Purpose To investigate the association of spinal anomalies with lumbar spondylolysis and
spina bifida occulta (SBO). Methods A total of 1190 patients with thoracic, abdominal, and …

Transforaminal full-endoscopic lumbar diskectomy became established early in the 21st
century. It can be performed under local anesthesia and requires only an 8-mm skin incision, …