Background Minimally invasive percutaneous pedicle screw instrumentation methods may
increase the need for intraoperative fluoroscopy, resulting in excessive radiation exposure for …

Background and Objective Percutaneous laser disc decompression is commonly used to
lower high pressure in the nucleus pulposus in degenerative disc diseases. The aim of this …

Objective One of the main limitations of image-guided surgery is that navigation relies on the
use of a CT scan obtained before surgery and is unable to be updated during the procedure…

Electromagnetic (EM) tracking systems have been successfully used for Surgical Navigation
in ENT, cranial, and spine applications for several years. Catheter sized micro EM sensors …

Background This cadaveric study compared efficacy and safety of an electromagnetic (EM)
guidance system versus conventional fluoroscopy for percutaneous pedicle screw fixation. …

… Jako first applied a pulsed neodymium (Nd):glass laser (1,064 nm) in 1965 and then used the
… von Jako R. Navigation and visualization of an access needle system. United States 2006. …

October 1996 AmJ Obstet Gynecol patients with preterm labor and intact membranes have
documented a mean positive rate of 13.6%, Page 1 1078 Letters October 1996 AmJ Obstet …

Present-day computer-assisted image guidance enables surgeons to intraoperatively visualize
the spine far beyond traditional exposure and to position implants with a higher accuracy …

Stereotactic surgery also known as surgical navigation or image guided surgery (IGS) with
computer assistance, is a technique utilizing imaging to guide surgery which was first …

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Accurate placement of pedicle screws is imperative for safe
stabilization of the spine. Traditional open techniques of pedicle screw insertion are more …