This review analyzes the literature of bone grafts and introduces tissue engineering as a
strategy in this field of orthopedic surgery. We evaluated articles concerning bone grafts; …

Propolis is a resinous mixture that honey bees collect from the tree buds, sap flows, or other
botanical sources. The chemical composition of propolis varies and depends on the …

Bone tissue scaffolds made from either natural or synthetic polymers are employed to
promote bone healing. However, lack of sufficient or poor mechanical properties such as low …

Healing and regeneration of bone injuries, particularly those that are associated with large
bone defects, are a complicated process. There is growing interest in the application of …

Bones are organs of the skeletal system, providing shape, mechanical support, and protection
to the body and facilitating the movement. In addition, bones contribute to the mineral …

3D printing-based technologies can fabricate scaffolds offer great precision to control internal
architecture and print complicated structures based upon the defect site. However, the …

Healing and regeneration of large bone defects leading to non‐unions is a great concern in
orthopedic surgery. Since auto‐ and allografts have limitations, bone tissue engineering and …

For thousands of years, honey has been used for medicinal applications. The beneficial
effects of honey, particularly its anti-microbial activity represent it as a useful option for …

Chitosan (CS) is a carbohydrate biopolymer, which has been known as a biological material
in promoting the healing process of soft and hard connective tissues. It is biocompatible, …

Introduction: Successful healing of large bone defects (LBDs) is a complicated phenomenon
because the body’s natural ability often fails to effectively repair the LBDs. New modalities …