Background The purpose of this study was to summarize the available evidence about total
lumbar disc replacement (TDR), focusing our attention on four main topics: clinical and …

While spinal disc pathology has traditionally been treated using fusion-based procedures,
recent interest in motion-preserving disc arthroplasties has grown. Traditional spinal fusion …

Background: Lumbar fusion is considered to the gold standard for treatment of spinal
degenerative diseases but results in adjacent segment degeneration and acquired spinal …

Background: Replacement of a diseased lumbar intervertebral disc with an artificial device,
a procedure known as lumbar total disc replacement (LTDR), has been practiced since the …

Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide in industrial nations. 1, 2 The
pathology underlying chronic low back pain is associated with numerous factors including …

Purpose Microdiscectomy is the current gold standard surgical treatment for primary lumbar
disc herniations that fail non-surgical measures. Herniated nucleus pulposus is the …

Background Hybrid surgery (HS) combines anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)
with cervical disc replacement (CDR) is gradually being more frequently implemented, but …

A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study is the gold standard for evaluating the
treatment of any medical condition or surgical intervention. Few would argue with the value …

Study Design. A modified Delphi method was used to establish consensus. Subject matter
experts were invited to participate as the expert panel. Best practice statements were …

In recent years, there have been significant advances in the design and functionality of
spinal implants. The goals of these developments have been to enhance spinal fusion by …