In the past, the use of endoscopic spine surgery was limited to intervertebral discectomy;
however, it has recently become possible to treat various spinal degenerative diseases …

Many types of surgeries are changing from conventional to minimally invasive techniques.
Techniques in spine surgery have also changed, with endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) …

Study Design: International consensus paper on a unified nomenclature for full-endoscopic
spine surgery. Objectives: Minimally invasive endoscopic spinal procedures have …

Minimally invasive spine procedures have undergone rapid development during the last
decade. Efforts to decrease muscle crush injuries during prolonged retraction, avoid …

In the first phase of development of lumbar endoscopic spine surgery, the focus was on
removal of soft disc material through the working corridor of Kambin's triangle using …

Objective The purpose of this study was to suggest appropriate indications and
contraindications for full endoscopic surgery and to predict the prognosis for the incidence of …

Background Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy has been widely used to treat
lumbar disc herniation; its advantages are less trauma, faster recovery, lower costs, and …

Background The indications of different endoscopic and endoscopically assisted
translaminar approaches for lumbar spinal stenosis are not well-defined, and validated …

Background The indications and contraindications to the endoscopic transforaminal
approach for lumbar spinal stenosis are not well defined. Methods We performed a Kaplan …

Background: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become widely used to
better measure patients' judgment of treatment benefits from surgical spine care. The …