The utilization of indirect visualization during procedures has been increasingly replacing
traditional forms of direct visualization across many different surgical specialties. The …

The development of the three-dimensional (3D) exoscope is a marvel of technological
innovation in modern surgical practice. While its predecessor, the operating microscope …

Background With a dramatic increase in elderly population worldwide, the prevalence of
degenerative spine disease is steadily rising. Even though the entire spinal column is …

1Department of Neurological Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell
Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; 2Department of Neurosurgery, Park MC, Rotterdam …

The neurosurgical management of spinal neoplasms has undergone immense development
in parallel with advancements made in general spine surgery. Laminectomies were …

Regarding the development of endoscopic thoracic spine surgery, adaptations of thoracic
surgical techniques such as full-endoscopic uniportal and biportal surgical techniques have …

In the modern era, surgery in many fields has made rapid progress through endoscopic
surgery. Given the proximity of critical anatomic structure, including the spinal nerves that …

Recent innovations in spine surgery, such as minimally invasive spine surgery, endoscopic
spine surgery, robotic spine surgery, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and biomaterials …