Background Endoscopic spine surgery has evolved gradually through improvements in
endoscope design, instrumentation, and surgical techniques. The ability to visualize and …

Wolfgang Rauschning's work illustrating the patho-anatomy of degenerative disc disease
and degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine serves as a basis for treating pathologic …

Objective Transforaminal endoscopic surgery has evolved from an intradiscal procedure to a
true foraminal epidural procedure where both a targeted discectomy and foraminal …

Object Even with good results, conventional disc operations may result in subsequent
damage due to trauma. Endoscopic techniques have become the standard in many areas …

Advancements in both surgical instrumentation and full endoscopic spine techniques have
resulted in positive clinical outcomes in the treatment of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine …

Minimally invasive techniques may reduce tissue damage and its sequelae [71, 86, 100].
Endoscopic operations offer advantages which raise these procedures to the standard in …

Background We analyzed the contribution of endoscopic surgery for lumbar foraminal disc
herniation in a series of 191 patients. Methods All the patients underwent a posterior …

Objective To analyze and describe appropriate surgical indications for endoscopically
performed transforaminal decompression with the outside-in technique with foraminoplasty …

In the first phase of development of lumbar endoscopic spine surgery, the focus was on
removal of soft disc material through the working corridor of Kambin's triangle using …

This study was performed to describe the extraforaminal approach of biportal endoscopic
spinal surgery (BESS) as a new endoscopic technique for transforaminal decompression …