Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Basic principle of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy. The percutaneous endoscopic approach provides direct access to the pathologic disc through the foraminal window, bypassing the posterior healthy structures.
- Figure 2
Levering technique. The angle of the endoscope and the visual field can be changed during the selective discectomy. This levering technique enables the surgeon to widely examine the torn annulus and remove epidurally herniated disc fragments.
- Figure 3
Lateral fluoroscopic view and schematic illustration of the transforaminal approach. The surgeon should not cross the posterior vertebral line (dashed line) until a disc landing is secured to prevent extraforaminal vascular or visceral injury.
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