Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Measuring the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the dura sac and epidural hematoma on magnetic resonance imaging. (A and B) Pre- and postoperative dura sac CSA was measured (yellow line). (C) The CSA of the postoperative epidural hematoma was measured (yellow dotted line).
- Figure 2
Comparison of clinical outcome measures between conventional and biportal endoscopic spine surgery (BESS) groups. Both groups showed improvements in clinical outcome measures up to 1 year postoperatively, with no significant differences observed between the groups at any time point. Error bars represent the SD of the mean values.
- Figure 3
Comparison of pre- and postoperative cross-sectional areas of the dura sac between the conventional and biportal endoscopic spine surgery (BESS) groups, including changes in the dura sac and the epidural hematoma. *Statistically significant at P = 0.033.
Tables
Characteristic Conventional (n = 24) BESS (n = 22) Total (N = 46) P Age, y, mean ± SD 60.2 ± 12.8 63.0 ± 10.2 61.5 ± 11.6 0.405 Sex, man, n (%) 15 (62.5) 12 (54.5) 27 (58.7) 0.804 BMI, mean ± SD 25.3 ± 3.5 25.6 ± 2.8 25.5 ± 3.1 0.765 Diagnosis, n (%) 0.725 HIVD 13 (54.2) 14 (63.6) 27 (58.7) Stenosis 11 (45.8) 8 (36.4) 19 (41.3) Operation level, n (%) 0.156 L2–L3 0 (0.0) 1 (4.5) 1 (2.2) L3–L4 4 (16.7) 1 (4.5) 5 (10.9) L4–L5 18 (75.0) 14 (63.6) 32 (69.6) L5–S1 2 (8.3) 6 (27.3) 8 (17.4) Drainage, cc, mean ± SD 38.8 ± 31.5 53.2 ± 24.4 45.5 ± 29.0 0.096 Drain removal date, d, n (%) 0.569 0 1 (4.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.2) 1 5 (20.8) 6 (28.6) 11 (24.4) 2 16 (66.7) 15 (71.4) 31 (68.9) 3 1 (4.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.2) 4 1 (4.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.2) Drain removal date, mean ± SD 1.8 ± 0.8 1.7 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 0.6 0.525 Neurological deficit, n (%) 1 (4.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.2) >0.99 Comorbidity, n (%) Hypertension 8 (33.3) 8 (38.1) 16 (35.6) 0.983 Diabetes mellitus 2 (8.3) 1 (4.8) 3 (6.7) >0.99 ODI Preoperative 0.19 ± 0.10 0.23 ± 0.09 0.21 ± 0.10 0.174 Postoperative 3 mo 0.07 ± 0.06 0.05 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.05 0.324 Postoperative 6 mo 0.05 ± 0.08 0.05 ± 0.07 0.05 ± 0.07 0.955 Postoperative 12 mo 0.03 ± 0.07 0.02 ± 0.05 0.02 ± 0.06 0.711 Back pain VAS Preoperative 4.88 ± 2.61 4.24 ± 2.45 4.58 ± 2.53 0.405 Postoperative 3 mo 1.78 ± 1.17 1.52 ± 1.29 1.66 ± 1.22 0.488 Postoperative 6 mo 1.35 ± 1.70 1.38 ± 1.56 1.36 ± 1.62 0.947 Postoperative 12 mo 0.61 ± 1.53 0.33 ± 0.80 0.48 ± 1.23 0.454 Leg pain VAS Preoperative 6.17 ± 2.30 6.36 ± 2.34 6.26 ± 2.29 0.775 Postoperative 3 mo 1.50 ± 1.29 1.32 ± 0.99 1.41 ± 1.15 0.597 Postoperative 6 mo 1.00 ± 1.22 1.45 ± 1.99 1.22 ± 1.63 0.362 Postoperative 12 mo 0.79 ± 1.93 0.32 ± 0.65 0.57 ± 1.47 0.267 Abbreviations: BESS, biportal endoscopic spine surgery; BMI, body mass index; HIVD, herniated intervertebral disc; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale.
Outcome Measure Conventional (n = 24) BESS (n = 22) Total (N = 46) P Coagulation battery Prothrombin time, s 10.8 ± 0.6 11.0 ± 0.5 10.9 ± 0.6 0.153 Prothrombin time (INR) 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.123 aPTT, s 31.6 ± 4.2 30.9 ± 2.7 31.3 ± 3.6 0.522 Albumin 4.4 ± 0.3 4.4 ± 0.3 4.4 ± 0.3 0.709 CPK, IU/L Preoperative 118.0 ± 95.7 103.7 ± 78.2 111.2 ± 87.1 0.592 Postoperative 142.4 ± 95.4 109.2 ± 79.9 126.6 ± 88.9 0.221 CRP, mg/L Preoperative 2.1 ± 3.2 2.6 ± 7.4 2.3 ± 5.6 0.782 Immediate postoperative 2.1 ± 3.8 1.0 ± 0.8 1.6 ± 2.9 0.190 Hemoglobin, g/dL Preoperative 14.1 ± 1.4 13.8 ± 1.1 14.0 ± 1.3 0.552 Immediate postoperative 13.5 ± 1.3 13.0 ± 1.2 13.3 ± 1.2 0.155 Postoperative day 1 12.9 ± 1.2 12.3 ± 1.1 12.6 ± 1.2 0.088 Abbreviations: aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin clotting time; BESS, biportal endoscopic spine surgery; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Note: All values presented as mean ± SD.
CSA, cm2 Conventional (n = 24) BESS (n = 22) Total (N = 46) P Preoperative dura sac 0.75 ± 0.37 0.69 ± 0.33 0.72 ± 0.35 0.644 Postoperative dura sac 0.97 ± 0.44 1.09 ± 0.50 1.03 ± 0.47 0.412 ΔCSA of dura sac 0.22 ± 0.47 0.40 ± 0.48 0.31 ± 0.48 0.253 Hematoma 0.17 ± 0.15 0.36 ± 0.34 0.26 ± 0.28 0.033 Abbreviations: BESS, biportal endoscopic spine surgery; CSA, cross-sectional area.
Note: All values presented as mean ± SD.
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