Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1
Schematic drawing of the experimental setup showing the doubleconduit cannula, proximal port for pressure measurement, vertebra model, and the leakage path of 3-mm diameter.
- Fig. 2
The leakage mass measured for the different systems examined; high-viscosity (C) and low-viscosity (V) regarding to the injection time after starting the mixing.
- Fig. 3
The leakage mass measured for the different systems examined; The 1st letter in the group's name (C) high-viscosity and (V) low-viscosity. the 2nd letter A, B, and C represent the groups regarding to their injection time. (A: 3.5 minutes; B: 6.5 minutes; C: 9.5 minutes after starting the mixing.)
- Fig. 4
The effect of using Confidence or Vertebroplastic systems injected at different levels on the eccentricity of the filling pattern.
- Fig. 5
The effect of using high- or low-viscosity systems injected at different levels on the center point shift of the filled pattern.
- Fig. 6
The bars represent the filling patterns of the high and low viscosity cements after waiting 3.5 minutes; 6.5 minutes; and after 9.5 minutes.
- Fig. 7
The variation of the intravertebral pressure with the cement leakage mass for the 2 systems used (C and V).
- Fig. 8
The variation of the intravertebral pressure with the cement leakage mass for the 2 systems used (C and V).
Tables
- Table 1
Summary of the eccentricity, center point shift of the filling pattern, and the leakage mass for all the samples tested
Sample Ambient temperate Ambient humidity Eccentricity Statistics Center point shift (mm) Statistics Leaked Cement (g) Statistics Strokes/turns to leakage V-a1 21 26 0.93 F = .8822, 4.80 F = 3.4745, 5.05 F = 8.0374, 5 V-b1 0.97 P = .4309 4.58 P = .0529 2.90 P = .0032 4 V-c1 0.88 2.33 2.15 6 V-a2 20.8 26 0.96 2.77 4.35 3 V-b2 0.90 4.70 1.64 3 V-c2 0.91 3.99 4.47 4 V-a3 21 25 0.87 3.69 3.92 2 V-b3 0.98 5.91 4.28 1 V-c3 0.93 4.19 2.29 4 V-a4 20.9 23 0.96 6.13 5.12 5 V-b4 0.92 4.57 3.04 8 V-c4 0.90 2.85 2.88 2 V-a5 20.8 23 0.96 6.89 3.59 4 V-b5 0.92 5.05 3.39 3 V-c5 0.91 4.06 1.44 5 V-a6 20.8 37 0.94 4.98 4.21 3 V-b6 0.91 3.80 4.75 2 V-c6 0.88 2.56 1.35 4 V-a7 20.9 37 0.59 2.19 1.68 3 V-b7 0.95 4.46 2.45 4 V-c7 0.72 2.44 4.03 3 C-a1 20.9 32 0.82 F = .0018, 3.38 F = .1772, 2.05 F = 1.0130, 10 C-b1 0.79 P = .9666 2.84 P = .6848 1.55 P = .3436 12 C-a2 20.9 32 0.90 5.69 3.25 7 C-b2 0.88 3.10 1.12 8 C-a3 20.9 31 0.76 4.05 0.18 15 C-b3 0.76 3.67 0.03 22 C-a4 20.7 30 0.63 1.65 0.90 15 C-b4 0.82 4.26 1.33 10 C-a5 21 29 0.70 2.16 1.25 12 C-b5 0.53 1.19 0.62 17 Abbreviations: C, high-viscosity system (repeats)V, low-viscosity system (repeats)a, injection stared after 3.5 minutes; b, injection started after 6.5 minutes; c, injection started after 9.5 minutes.
Time (min) Group IV pressure minimum (psi) IV pressure maximum (psi) IV pressure mean (psi) Standard deviation, IV pressure mean (psi) ANOVA results 3.5 V-a 0.11 0.65 0.52 0.33 F = .44 P = .65 6.5 V-b 0.26 0.57 0.43 0.22 9.5 V-c 0.28 0.53 0.39 0.20 3.5 C-a 0.16 0.77 0.50 0.19 F = .02 P = .89 6.5 C-b 0.28 0.82 0.52 0.22
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