Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1
Measurement of spinal canal depth using eFilm Workstation.
- Fig. 2
Measurement of foraminal width using eFilm Workstation.
- Fig. 3
Single FSU loaded in spine test machine. The arrows indicate the location of 4 of the 8 digitized points that were used to estimate the center of the disc.
- Fig. 4
Transverse section of intervertebral disc showing location of 3 active LEDs and measurement of disc bulge.
Tables
Specimen Age Height (in) Weight (lb) Sex DEXA (BMD) Cause of death C080570 70 67 234 F N/A Cardiopulmonary arrest S080108 65 65 108 F 0.813 Respiratory failure, bacterial pneumonia S080431 48 73 180 F 1.111 Cardiac arrhythmia C080133 66 75 177 M N/A Lung cancer S080429 34 65 205 F 0.870 Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease C080172 66 66 145 F 0.700 Cardiopulmonary arrest, intracerebral hemorrhage S080404 66 61 110 F 0.639 Respiratory failure Abbreviations: DEXA, Dual Energy; X-Ray Absorptiometry; BMD, Bone Mineral Density; N/A, Not Available.
Level Specimen C080570 S080108 S080431 C080133 S080429 C080172 S080404 Region L1 N/A 0.721 1.074 N/A 0.847 0.652 0.563 L2 N/A 0.830 1.126 N/A 0.856 0.746 0.653 L3 N/A 0.848 1.131 N/A 0.901 0.739 0.647 L4 N/A 0.839 1.108 N/A 0.874 0.661 0.678 Mean N/A 0.813 1.111 N/A 0.870 0.700 0.639 Abbreviations: DEXA, Dual Energy; X-Ray Absorptiometry; N/A, Not Available.
Level Specimen C080133 C080172 C080570 S080431 S080404 S080429 S080108 L1-2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 L2-3 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 L3-4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 L4-5 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 L5-S1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 ↵* Graded on a scale from 0 to 4, where 0 indicates normal, 1 indicates mild degenerative disease, 2 indicates moderate degenerative disease, and 3 indicates severe degenerative disease.
Level Posterior (spinal canal depth) (mm) Posterolateral (foraminal width) (mm)** Specimen C080570 L1-2 24 6 C080570 L3-4 23 5 C080570 L5-S1 16 5 S080404 L1-2 18 5 S080404 L3-4 18 5 S080404 L5-S1 16 5 S080429 L1-2 25 6 S080429 L3-4 22 6 S080429 L5-S1 16 7 S080108 L1-2 21 9 S080108 L3-4 19 4 S080108 L5-S1 13 4 C080133 L1-2 25 9 C080133 L3-4 20 8 C080133 L5-S1 17 4 S080431 L1-2 24 6 S080431 L3-4 22 5 S080431 L5-S1 21 5 C080172 L1-2 19 5 C080172 L3-4 17 4 C080172 L5-S1 13 2 Mean 19 ± 4 5 ±2 Maximum 25 9 Minimum 13 2 Level Posterior (spinal canal depth) Posterolateral (foraminal width) 250 N comp ±2.5 Nm FE ±2.5 Nm LB 250 N comp ±2.5 Nm FE ±2.5 Nm LB Specimen C080570 L1-2 1.1 3.6 0.6 4.4 10.7 8.2 C080570 L3-4 C080570 L5-S1 6.0 4.8 0.6 5.6 4.1 4.7 S080404 L1-2 1.4 3.1 2.3 5.9 5.8 24.4 S080404 L3-4 S080404 L5-S1 S080429 L1-2 2.0 1.6 1.8 10.1 12.5 13.7 S080429 L3-4 1.4 1.8 0.6 7.3 9.0 6.5 S080429 L5-S1 2.5 1.9 2.1 5.2 7.0 7.0 S080108 L1-2 1.1 1.1 0.8 3.0 4.4 4.7 S080108 L3-4 1.9 2.4 1.4 15.7 18.5 23.6 S080108 L5-S1 6.7 6.7 2.2 17.8 20.8 14.2 C080133 L1-2 2.3 1.5 1.8 3.9 5.7 9.0 C080133 L3-4 3.3 1.8 0.9 10.2 10.7 13.0 C080133 L5-S1 S080431 L1-2 0.6 1.6 1.0 3.7 5.3 4.5 S080431 L3-4 1.5 0.5 1.4 5.3 2.1 10.6 S080431 L5-S1 C080172 L1-2 1.4 1.6 1.4 5.8 7.8 13.9 C080172 L3-4 3.6 3.5 3.3 13.5 17.7 11.2 C080172 L5-S1 Mean 2.5 ± 1.9 2.5 ± 1.6 1.5 ± 0.8 7.8 ± 4.7 9.5 ± 5.7 11.3 ± 6.2 Maximum 6.7 6.7 3.3 17.8 20.8 24.4 Minimum 0.6 0.5 0.6 3.0 2.1 4.5 Abbreviations: comp, compression; FE, Flexion/Extension; LB, Lateral Bend.
Reported values are percent occlusion of specified region under 250-N axial compression, ± 2.5 Nm of flexion/extension, and ± 2.5 Nm of lateral bend.
Mean difference SE P value† 95% confidence interval for difference Lower bound Upper bound Posterior (spinal canal occlusion) 1 and 3‡ 0.973 0.456 .051 −0.004 1.950 2 and 1 0.046 0.277 .870 −0.548 0.640 2 and 3 1.019 0.421 .030 0.116 1.922 Posterolateral (intervertebral foramen occlusion) 1 and 2 −1.637 0.580 .014 −2.880 −0.393 1 and 3 −3.458 1.389 .026 −6.439 −0.478 2 and 3 −1.822 1.619 .280 −5.295 1.651
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