Systematic Review of Thigh Symptoms after Lateral Transpsoas Interbody Fusion for Adult Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease

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Fig. 1
Summary of study selection.
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Fig. 2
Persistent lower extremity symptoms at 6 months follow-up.

Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Patients	Adults (>18 years old) treated for: Degenerative disc disease Disc herniation Spondylolisthesis Scoliosis Spinal stenosis Adjacent segment disease	Pediatric and adolescent Tumor Infection Trauma
Intervention	Lateral lumbar interbody fusion Transpsoas interbody fusion
Study	English language RCT Observational studies Level I/II/III evidence	Non-English Review articles Case reports Level IV evidence n < 10
Outcome	Lower extremity pain, weakness and sensory and motor deficits Risk factors Long-term outcomes

Table 2

Studies reporting incidence of postoperative lower extremity symptoms.

Author	Population size	Anterior thigh or groin pain (%)	Hip flexion weakness (%)	Sensory changes (%)	Neurological deficit (%)
Anand et al	n=12	-	-	3 (25.0)	1 (8.3)
Anand et al	n=28	-	-	17 (60.7)	2 (7.1)
Berjano et al	n=97	9 (9.3)	-	3 (3.1)	4 (4.1)
Cahill et al	n=118	-	-	-	2 (1.7)^*
Cummock et al	n=59	23 (39.0)	14 (23.7)	32 (54.3)	0
Dakwar et al	n=25	-	-	3 (8.0)	0
Isaacs et al	n=107	-	33 (30.8)	-	3 (2.8)
Kepler et al	n=13	-	3 (23.1)	1 (7.7)	0
Knight et al	n=58	-	-	6 (10.3)^†	2 (3.4)
Lykissas et al	n=451	174 (38.5)	-	171 (38.0)	108 (23.9)
Malham et al	n=30	-	-	5 (16.7)	1 (3.3)
Moller et al	n=53	12 (22.6)	-	13 (24.5)	0
Oliveira et al	n=21	-	3 (14.3)	-	0
Pimenta et al	n=36	-	5 (13.9)	3 (8.3)	1 (2.8)
Pumberger et al	n=235	101 (43.0)	32 (13.6)	70 (29.8)	12 (5.1)
Rodgers et al	n=600	-	-	-	4 (0.7)
Rodgers et al	n=100	-	-	-	1 (1.0)
Rodgers et al	n=313	-	-	-	4 (1.3)
Sharma et al	n=43	15 (34.9)	11 (25.6)	-	4 (9.3)
Sofianos et al	n=45	-	10 (22.2)	8 (17.8)	6 (13.3)
Tohmeh et al	n=102	-	28 (27.5)	18 (17.6)	3 (1.0)
Uribe et al	n=323	-	91 (28.2)	38 (11.8)	13 (4.0)
Waddell et al	n=21	3 (14.3)	-	-	3 (14.3)
Wang et al	n=23	5 (21.7)	-	6 (26.1)	0