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Research ArticleCervical Spine

Effect of Smoking on Motor Recovery After Cervical American Spinal Injury Association Grade D Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Tyler James Moon, Ryan Furdock, Collin Blackburn and Nicholas Ahn
International Journal of Spine Surgery November 2022, 8411; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8411
Tyler James Moon
1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
MD
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  • For correspondence: tyler.moon@uhhospitals.org
Ryan Furdock
1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
MD
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Collin Blackburn
1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
MD
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Nicholas Ahn
1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
MD
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  • Article
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Article Figures & Data

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    Table 1

    Demographic data for total study population and the smoking and nonsmoking groups.

    Demographic DataTotal
    (N = 152)
    Nonsmoker
    (n = 121)
    Smoker
    (n = 31)
    P Value
    Age at injury, y0.078a
     15–2917 (11.1%)12 (9.9%)5 (16.1%)
     30–4418 (11.8%)11 (9.1%)7 (22.6%)
     45–5967 (44.1%)53 (43.8%)14 (45.2%)
     60–7438 (25%)35 (28.9%)3 (9.7%)
     >7512 (7.9%)10 (8.3%)2 (6.5%)
    Sex0.173a
     Men113 (74.3%)87 (71.9%)26 (83.9%)
     Women39 (25.7%)34 (28.1%)5 (16.1%)
    Race (N = 151)0.435a
     White106 (70.2%)86 (71.7%)20 (64.5%)
     Black37 (24.5%)27 (22.5%)10 (32.3%)
     Asian5 (3.3%)5 (4.2%)0 (0.0%)
     Other3 (2.0%)2 (1.7%)1 (3.2%)
    Body mass index27.4 ± 5.727.6 ± 5.827.1 ± 5.50.730b
    Diabetes (N = 134)0.323a
     No110 (82.1%)88 (72.7%)22 (71.0%)
     Yes24 (17.9%)17 (26.3%)7 (29.0%)
    Other injury0.402a
     No121 (79.6%)98 (70.3%)23 (71.0%)
     Yes31 (20.4%)23 (29.7%)8 (29.0%)
    Traumatic brain injury (N = 125)0.229a
     No107 (85.6%)85 (70.3%)22 (71.0%)
     Yes18 (14.4%)12 (29.7%)6 (29.0%)
    Rehabilitation length of stay, d31.0 ± 20.131.8 ± 21.427.9 ± 13.90.350b
    No. of rehospitalizations0.3 ± 0.70.3 ± 0.60.5 ± 1.20.180b
    Days of rehospitalization2.3 ± 11.92.2 ± 12.52.7 ± 9.30.830b
    • Note: Values presented as n (column %) or mean ± SD.

    • ↵a Pearson’s χ 2 test.

    • ↵b Student’s t test.

    • View popup
    Table 2

    Total motor score at 3 separate timepoints, as well as change in total motor score from time of discharge from rehabilitation to 1-y follow-up visit.

    Outcome VariableTotal
    (N = 152)
    Nonsmoker
    (n = 121)
    Smoker
    (n = 31)
    Total motor score—rehabilitation admission74.1 ± 15.474.5 ± 15.473.3 ± 14.3
    Total motor score—rehabilitation discharge85.6 ± 11.286.0 ± 10.485.4 ± 10.1
    Total motor score—1-y follow-up92.8 ± 9.794.0 ± 7.990.0 ± 9.0
    Change in motor score—rehabilitation discharge to 1-y follow-up7.3 ± 8.08.0 ± 7.64.6 ± 8.7
    • Note: Values presented as mean ± SD.

    • View popup
    Table 3

    Results of multiple linear regression with dependent variable of change in total motor score.

    Change in Motor Score—Rehabilitation Discharge to 1-y Follow-UpEffect Size95% CIStandardized β P Value
    Smoking−3.80(−6.98, −0.63)−0.192 0.019
    Age−1.40(−2.61, −0.19)−0.186 0.024
    Sex−1.98(−4.87, 0.90)−0.1090.117
    Race0.56(−0.96, 2.07)0.0570.470
    Rehabilitation length of stay0.06(0.00, 0.13)0.159 0.048
    No. of rehospitalizations−0.62(−2.60, 1.37)−0.0590.541
    Days of rehospitalization−0.06(−0.18, 0.07)−0.0830.385
    • Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance.

    • View popup
    Table 4

    Results of multiple linear regression with dependent variable of total motor score.

    Total Motor Score—1-y Follow-UpEffect Size95% CIStandardized β P Value
    Smoking−4.53(−8.27, −0.79)−0.195 0.018
    Age−0.62(−2.07, 0.84)−0.0670.404
    Sex−3.73(−7.29, −1.68)−0.166 0.040
    Race0.25(−1.46, 1.97)0.0230.770
    Traumatic brain injury−2.13(−6.52, 2.26)−0.0770.338
    Rehabilitation length of stay−0.19(−0.27, −0.11)−0.363 <0.01
    No. of rehospitalizations1.62(−3.45, 6.67)0.1200.528
    Days of rehospitalization−0.62(−1.33, 0.08)−0.3340.084
    • Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance

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International Journal of Spine Surgery: 19 (S2)
International Journal of Spine Surgery
Vol. 19, Issue S2
1 Apr 2025
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Effect of Smoking on Motor Recovery After Cervical American Spinal Injury Association Grade D Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Tyler James Moon, Ryan Furdock, Collin Blackburn, Nicholas Ahn
International Journal of Spine Surgery Nov 2022, 8411; DOI: 10.14444/8411

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Effect of Smoking on Motor Recovery After Cervical American Spinal Injury Association Grade D Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Tyler James Moon, Ryan Furdock, Collin Blackburn, Nicholas Ahn
International Journal of Spine Surgery Nov 2022, 8411; DOI: 10.14444/8411
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