Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Images of sharp-tipped, self-tapping pedicle screw used for single-step, minimally invasive 3-dimensional navigation-guided pedicle screw placement (group C). Insets are enlarged to show detail. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
- Figure 2
Typical example of peak load at failure vs displacement curve. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
- Figure 3
Comparison for various biomechanical parameters between insertion groups. Mean (A) pullout force, (B) fixation stiffness, and (C) displacement of the screw to produce pullout for group A (insertion using the Jamshidi needle and a K-wire with no tapping), group B (insertion using the Jamshidi needle and a K-wire with tapping), and group C (sharp-tipped screw insertion without use of a Jamshidi needle, K-wire, or tapping). Whiskers show SDs. Abbreviation: PS, pedicle screw. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
- Figure 4
Linear correlations between (A) pullout force and (B) fixation stiffness vs bone mineral density (BMD). Abbreviation: PS, pedicle screw. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Tables
- Table
Results for BMD, pullout force, stiffness, and mean displacement to achieve pullout for each pedicle of each specimen; P values are for the paired t test analysis (L vs R in same specimen and level): A vs B, A vs C, B vs C.
Specimen BMD (g/cm2) Level, Side Group Pullout Force (N)a Fixation Stiffness (N/mm)b Displacement from Start (mm)c Specimen Level, Side Group Pullout Force (N) Fixation Stiffness (N/mm) Displacement From Start (mm) 1043 0.883 L1, L A 2348 929 4.6 1043 L1, R B 2063 526 4.7 1057 0.885 L2, L A 2151 397 5.8 1057 L2, R B 1864 403 5.7 1088 0.810 L3, L A 1423 879 2.0 1088 L3, R B 1900 862 2.8 1076 0.795 L4, L A 1335 630 3.6 1076 L4, R B 1730 443 4.8 1076 0.795 L5, L A 740 258 4.4 1076 L5, R B 1001 377 3.8 1164 0.885 L1, R A 2153 1003 2.9 1164 L1, L B 3057 1050 4.0 1243 0.644 L2, R A 1436 610 3.5 1243 L2, L B 1482 731 4.0 1243 0.644 L3, R A 1364 742 3.2 1243 L3, L B 1195 571 3.9 1164 0.885 L4, R A 2643 568 6.0 1164 L4, L B 3343 958 6.0 1068 0.815 L5, R A 1452 787 2.4 1068 L5, L B 1075 554 2.1 1241 0.585 L1, L A 1966 786 4.6 1241 L1, R C 2411 754 4.3 1076 0.795 L2, L A 1561 684 3.8 1076 L2, R C 1561 542 2.7 1246 0.651 L3, L A 924 791 2.2 1246 L3, R C 906 759 1.2 1079 1.002 L4, L A 1727 784 1.8 1079 L4, R C 2157 1423 3.0 1121 1.137 L5, L A 1347 757 2.8 1121 L5, R C 1328 380 2.8 1211 0.419 L1, R A 880 815 1.3 1211 L1, L C 622 259 2.6 1211 0.419 L2, R A 640 476 1.8 1211 L2, L C 612 368 2.2 1164 0.885 L3, R A 1827 683 4.3 1164 L3, L C 2686 265 9.1 1211 0.419 L4, R A 515 319 2.4 1211 L4, L C 302 289 1.3 1043 0.883 L5, R A 813 534 2.1 1043 L5, L C 780 383 2.0 1113 0.713 L1, L B 2101 1062 3.1 1113 L1, R C 1884 715 3.5 1043 0.883 L2, L B 3201 562 6.0 1043 L2, R C 2477 450 5.6 1076 0.795 L3, L B 1350 944 3.1 1076 L3, R C 1139 903 1.8 1068 0.815 L4, L B 1413 1189 1.8 1068 L4, R C 1684 1149 2.0 1057 0.885 L5, L B 1462 382 4.2 1057 L5, R C 1552 657 3.0 1243 0.644 L1, R B 1219 493 3.0 1243 L1, L C 655 380 2.3 1164 0.885 L2, R B 2226 550 7.7 1164 L2, L C 1702 542 10.5 1211 0.419 L3, R B 500 389 2.3 1211 L3, L C 359 321 1.2 1043 0.883 L4, R B 1230 558 3.6 1043 L4, L C 873 346 3.8 1211 0.419 L5, R B 458 308 2.2 1211 L5, L C 690 377 2.4 Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; L, left; R, right.
Note: Table arranged for paired t test analysis (L vs R in same specimen and level): A vs B, A vs C, B vs C.
↵a The P value for pullout force between groups A and B was P = 0.27, between groups A and C was P = 0.32, and between groups B and C was P = 0.08.
↵b The P value for stiffness between groups A and B was P = 0.66, between groups A and C was P = 0.27, and between groups B and C was P = 0.28.
↵c The P value for displacement to achieve pullout between groups A and B was P = 0.11, between groups A and C was P = 0.50, and between groups B and C was P = 0.82.
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